Reconstruction of African Americans Dbq Essay

New Societies, new people, and new communities usually originate as a result of migration. People decide to move from one place to another for better opportunities, better lives, and new challenges. This remains true for the African American race as well. It has been believed that the original migration took place in 1619 when African Americans arrived to Jamestown, Virginia. However, the first African Americans migrated to the United States almost a century earlier in the 1500’s coming from Mexico and the Caribbean to the Spanish territories of Florida, Texas, and other parts of the South. African-American Migration Experience Though many migrated to the U. S. voluntarily, most African Americans were victims of massive enslavement. War, slave raiding, kidnapping and political religious struggle accounted for the vast majority of Africans deported to the Americas. African Americans were forced into slavery. Many children were kidnapped and sold as slaves. There were those of which who rebelled by refusing to be enslaved that would be expelled from their homes and families then either murdered or forced to be slaves. Slavery developed because the Northern Africans had a monopoly over spices, gold, and other commodities that the Europeans wanted. Europe would send ships back and forth to Africa to trade goods and in the process they were able to grow comfortable with navigating the seas. As a result, Europe was able to develop very good shipbuilding skills that in turn led to the sending of large vessels. That moved the Portuguese to add an additional commodity to their cargo: African men, women, and children. The Portuguese then used African Americans as slaves to work their sugar plantations. Over time English and Dutch ships preyed on the Portugal vessels for slaves, while raiding and looting the African mainland. Slaves were brought to the United States of America during the triangular trade. Ships were built to handle a maximum of 350 people, but Europeans would transport over 800 men, women, and children under some of the harshest conditions. Slaves would be branded, stripped naked during the entire trip, lying down in the midst of filth, all while enduring unbearable heat. All slaves went through frightening, incredibly brutal and dehumanizing experiences. Women and children were raped for the pleasures of the crew. The sick were tossed overboard unto the sea. People who tried to starve themselves to death were forced to eat by the torturing of scolding hot coal pressed onto their bodies. African-American Migration Experience Those who survived the Middle Passage arrived to America only to encounter more grief. They were sent to plantations and farms for agricultural duties. They were used for mining, and placed in towns as servants. In South Carolina and Georgia they grew rice, cotton, and indigo. In Louisiana they slaved over sugarcane plantations. They labored over tobacco farms in Virginia and Maryland. This went on until 1808 when the United States abolished its slave trade from Africa. However, slave trade went on unabated until 1860. In 1898 the boll weevil ate its way through Texas and proceeded to eat its way East across the South. The cotton was destroyed and slaves were thrown off of the land. After WWI there was an economic boom that resulted in the need for agricultural work, but unfortunately most states in the South passed the Jim Crow laws that discriminated against African Americans and led to segregation. African Americans couldn’t attend the same schools as white Americans. They couldn’t use facilities such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, cinemas, and public baths. Public transportation was also segregated and in some states marriage between white and black people. African Americans were at the mercy of landlords, abusive employers, and almost anyone set on depriving them of their rights. This went on until president Franklin D. Roosevelt was forced to issue an executive order mandating the end to racial discrimination. The Fair Employment Practices Committee was created to enforce this mandate, which acted as the launching pad that would bare dividends in the future. Riots erupted in 1943, leading to beatings, deaths, and arrest. African American then resulted to boycotts and sit-ins during the Civil Rights movement. As a result, the Supreme Court reversed the separate but equal doctrine in 1954, ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. There was also the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act that signaled an attack on Jim Crow. The African-American Migration Experience This report reveals the enormous amount of pain, grief, and violence suffered by my ancestors during slavery. I am so appreciative to all those people who marched, boycotted, and endured the pain and suffering so that my children and I could have the freedom to eat in any restaurant, sleep at any hotel, drink water out of any fountain, and go to school to get a good education. I may not be able to relate culturally to the ethnic group that I have written about because I am way too young, but that doesn’t change the fact that I recognize what they fought and stood for and I plan to make sure that my children are taught the history of how African Americans migrated to the United States, and what they went through to get here. References In Motion. The African-American Migration Experience. Retrieved April 9, 2007, from http://www. inmotionaame. org/home. cfm.

Literary Analysis Of Black Like Me Essay

Although many people in the 1950s believed that African Americans were inferior to Caucasians, nevertheless their theory was wrong because any flaws African Americans had at the time were due to the way they were treated, not their race. John Howard Griffin discovers this by changing his skin color and living like an African American. John Howard Griffin was an expert on race issues when he darkened his skin and went down south to experience what life was like for an African American. Despite his enlightened view of civil rights, he was fully unaware of what it would be like to become African American. Even though he, like most northerners, was aware of the poor treatment of the African American people in the south, he was unaware of how demeaning it was to be African American and how impossible it had become for African Americans to become successful members of society. When Griffin’s skin was darkened he was treated differently than when his skin was white. He was treated horrifically for no other reason than the color of his skin. He was condescended upon by Caucasians and spoken to vulgarly. On one occasion, he was chased down the street by a Caucasian youth while offensive obscenities were hurled at him. However, the discrimination he endured was not always this obvious. Sometimes it was very subtle. Even before his color change Griffin knew that African Americans were given low paying jobs and were not allowed to work at certain businesses or use some services. He did not know, however, how this treatment made African American life miserable. On page 52, the cumulative effect of the discrimination is explained. â€Å"You take a young white boy. He can go through school and college with a real incentive. He knows he can make good money in any profession when he gets out. But can a Negro- in the South? No, I’ve seen many make brilliant grades in college. And yet when they come home in the summers to earn a little money, they have to do the most menial work. And even when they graduate, it’s a long hard pull. Most take postal jobs, or preaching or teaching jobs. This is the cream. What about the others, Mr. Griffin? A man knows no matter how hard he works, he’s never going to quite manage†¦ taxes and prices eat  up more than he can earn. He can’t see how he’ll ever have a wife and children. The economic structure just doesn’t permit it unless he’s prepared to live down in poverty and have his wife work too.† This lifestyle was forced upon African Americans because of false stereotypes about their race. â€Å"They saw us as â€Å"different’ from themselves in fundamental ways: we were irresponsible; we were different in our sexual morals; we were intellectually limited; we had a God-given sense of rhythm; we were lazy and happy-go-lucky; we loved watermelon and fried chicken.†(162) Sadly, the belief in the secondary status of an African American was widespread. Even intellectuals were misled by scientific studies published in scholarly journals and newspapers. The studies showed that African American people had more illegitimate children, earlier loss of virginity and a higher crime rate than compared to Caucasian people. Because of this, African Americans were discriminated against. This discrimination led African Americans into an ominous standard of living. Griffin, however, explains that the characteristics given to African Americans were not ingrown qualities shared among their race, but rather products of the poor conditions they were forced to live in. Griffin says there is no â€Å"basic difference between black and white†(89) and attributes these characteristics as â€Å"the effects of environment on human nature.† (89) â€Å"You place the white man in the ghetto, deprive him of the educational advantages, arrange it so he has to struggle hard to fulfill his instinct for self-respect, give him little physical privacy and less leisure, and he would after a time assume the characteristics you attach to the Negro. These characteristics don’t spring from whiteness or blackness, but from a man’s conditioning†¦when you force humans into a subhuman mode of existence, this always happens. Deprive a man of any contact with the pleasures of the spirit and he’ll fall completely into those of the flesh.† (90) African Americans were treated poorly because of negative stereotypes associated with their race. However, any truth in these stereotypes was due to their poor treatment, not the color of their skin. If they were treated poorly, they would gain these attributes. They were treated poorly because of these characteristics, the very characteristics that were caused by their poor treatment. This viscous cycle continued until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. In John Howard Griffin’s book Black Like Me, Griffin accurately describes the difference between the way Caucasians were treated and the way African Americans were treated in America’s south during the 1950s. His ability to describe the contrast so accurately stems from the fact that he experienced what it was like to be seen as â€Å"black† and what it was like to be seen as â€Å"white†. Although many southerners at the time believed that Caucasians were superior to African Americans, nevertheless Griffin proves that African Americans are not inferior and that any negative characteristics that exist in stereotypical African Americans are caused by oppression by their Caucasian counterparts.

Art And Its Influence On Art Essay Abstract art, History of painting

Abstract art is a distortion for visual effect of some object that actually exists. Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color, and lines to create a work that could live with a certain amount of independence from visual mentions in the world. Three art movements that contributed to the development of abstract art were Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressi... ...e viewed in our reality. Nonrepresentational art takes nothing from reality, it is created purely for artistic reasons. Representational art describes artwork–particularly paintings and sculptures–which are clearly derived from real object sources, and therefore are by definition representational. Since the arrival of abstract art in the early twentieth century, the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world. If someone would have approached me a month ago and told me what art was or the categories, I would have known the answer. I believe now that the connection between what the artist tries to achieve and what he achieves through the art work is what classifies art. If what the artist tried to portray is understood by a minimum of one person in the world, I would consider this a piece of art.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Strategic Management - Essay Example (Ansoff, 1965) Intended strategy is nothing but a plan or an intended course of action thought to be most suitable for achieving predetermined corporate goals. Sometimes, if the situation so desires, a ploy or a manoeuvre, tricky, cheeky or otherwise, to surmount an immediate obstacle or to browbeat a serious competitor; is also called a strategy. The basic concept of strategy is that it is pre-planned in nature and is given a proper shape after a lot of brainstorming. Strategy also determines the basic consistency in behaviour and approach of a particular firm towards the economy in general and the market in which it operates in particular. Strategy also formalises the positioning of the firm in the market. By positioning it is meant how a firm would relate with the external environment and what would be its reaction in case of a change in the parameters of such environment. Some authors are of the opinion that strategy is in a nutshell the basic prism through which an organisation perceives the entire world outside its own internal environment. Content of a strategy is basically an exposition of the current position of the company and the desired status the management would like to attain at the end of the plan period. It is nothing but a detailed brief of where it is now and the broad steps to be taken to reach where it intends to. The context part of a strategy deals in detail with the internal and expected external environment of an organisation and in effect undertakes an extensive SWOT analysis to ensure that the organisation can reach the set targets with least effort. The process part of a strategy actually lays down the timing of different actions and clearly defines who would take part in the actions directly and who would remain in indirect support thus ensuring unity of action and streamlining of efforts to prevent efforts getting wasted by working at

Improving the public transportation in america Essay

Improving the public transportation in america - Essay Example The public transportation system is currently one of the leading systems in the world. In fact, with the exception of a few countries, the United States has the most intelligent infrastructure for transportation in the world. With that said, the cost for maintaining this system is exceptionally higher than the cost for like nations. Such an expansive public transportation system means that there is a substantial consumption of energy to maintain the system (Achs, 1991). For the most prominent means of transportation i.e. the public bus, this means that the U.S. is putting out a large carbon foot print due to its use of gasoline. On the other hand, there are other sources of transportation such as the subway and railway systems that allow people to use trains and electrical energy for transportation. Unfortunately, only cities with enough funding for such projects have efficient transportation structures. This is unfortunate because the cities where there are high levels of poverty, t hey can’t afford to supply transportation routes to those who would most benefit from it (Achs, 1991). This strikes at the core of the theoretical underpinnings of the public transportation system. While some believe that it is critical to the elimination of traffic congestion, others believe it functions as a welfare system that allows the less fortunate to access cheap forms of transportation. Another problem facing the transportation industry is the fact that there are little public transportation systems that cross state boundaries (Roth, 2008). This is important for individuals living in border zones where they reside in one state and work in another. This could be extremely beneficial to both economies but the states are unable to capitalize on the transportation systems. Finally, transportation systems lack the logistical infrastructure that promotes the most efficient routes (Barletta,

Building a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry Essay - 1

Building a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry - Essay Example Brand management practices refers to the various actions, decisions and even omissions which are done by the fashion companies in order to create value and identity of the brand . A brand has values, identity and emotion attached with it just like a human being. Just as human actions make or mar the human personality, the actions which are taken by the company decide what kind of image the brand receives. Companies use both strategic as well as emotional techniques in order to manage their brand. For effective Brand management the brand of the company should have a unique personality which differentiates it from others. Zara gives a message of democratizing fashion which means that it has to provide customers with latest design and trends at the minimum price. Thus all the activities of Zara are geared in order to ensure that this brand personality of ‘latest fashion at affordable prices’ is maintained. In order to ensure low prices, the company has to pay immense attent ion to its supply chain which needs to be quick and effective. On the other hand Armani as a brand has a personality which is an extension of its founder. The personality of the founder has been shown as youthful by the company, so the strategy of Armani is to target youths make sense. Brand management is also about effective story telling through proper channels of communication. This story

Integrated Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Integrated - Research Paper Example Aristotle's categorization of animals categorized together animals with the same characteristics into genera and then differentiated the species within the genera. He categorized the animals into two forms: those without blood, and those with blood. These differentiations correlate closely to the current distinction between invertebrates and vertebrates (Taylor, 1955). The animals with blood, corresponds to the vertebrates, included five genera: mammals (viviparous quadrupeds), oviparous quadrupeds (reptiles and amphibians), birds, whales, and fishes. The whales are included in this list because, at this time of history, they had not yet been determined to be mammals. The animals without blood were categorized as crustaceans; cephalopods (such as the octopus); insects (which included the scorpions, centipedes, and spiders, in addition to what, is currently defined as insects); "zoophytes† shelled animals (such as most echinoderms and molluscs) (Taylor, 1955). Aristotle's ideas on earth sciences are found in his treatise Meteorology. The modern world might translate meteorology to mean the study of weather, but Aristotle made use of the word in a much broader way, covering all the affections that human beings might consider to be general to water and air, and parts and kinds of the earth and the affections of the parts of the earth. Aristotle discusses the nature of the oceans and the earth. He achieved this by working out the hydrologic cycle: "Now the sun, moving as it does, sets up processes of change and becoming and decay, and by its agency the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper region, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth." (Aristotle, Tara?n & Gutas, 2012). He also talks about winds, earthquakes, lightning, thunder, comets, rainbows, meteors, and the Milky Way (Anderson & Stephenson, 2004). His idea of Earth history has some remarkably modern-sounding no tions. According to Aristotle, The same parts of the earth’s surface are not always dry or moist, but they change just as rivers come into being and dry up. Therefore, the connection of land to sea changes, a particular place does not always remain sea or land throughout all time, but where there was a sea, there comes to be dry land and where there is now dry land, and there one day comes to be sea. However, these changes to follow set cycles and order. The principle cause of these developments is that the internal of the earth grows or decays, like the bodies of animals and plants (Aristotle, Tara?n & Gutas, 2012). The whole critical process of the earth happens so gradually and in periods of time which are so long compared with the length of human lives. This explains why these changes are not observable by human beings. One of the primary concerns of Aristotle’s philosophy was his systematic notion of logic. Aristotle’s aim was to develop a universal procedu re of reasoning that would enable human beings to learn about all conceivable touching on reality. The first process entailed describing objects on the basis of their characteristics, actions and states of being. In his philosophical treatises, he also discusses how human beings can next get information about the objects through inference and deduction. To Aristotle, a deduction