Amy Tan's The joy Luck Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amy Tan's The joy Luck Club - Essay Example At first it seems that these disparate stories have nothing in common, except the conflict between two cultures - they are just a figment of some not very happy ladies’ experiences. However, during the process of reading, the pictures complement one another and stories, which were supposed to be autonomous, are connected by a thin thread. The author also concerns â€Å"the nature of mother-daughter relationships, which are complicated not only by age difference, but by different upbringings. The issues of self-respect, personal identity are also highlighted in the novel† ("BookRags Book Notes on") . The young mothers who arrived to America create a club for meeting and communication. At these meetings, they eat Chinese food, play board game mahjongg, talk. Each of them experienced some heavy losses in the past. But instead plunging into the painful memories of those losses, they prefer coming together for mutual support, material and spiritual. They all share a hope for the future, so they called themselves The Joy Luck Club. It is obvious, that is extremely difficult, and even impossible for the senior generation, to get accustomed to new American culture, to leave behind their usual Chinese lifestyles. â€Å"American circumstances but Chinese character†¦ How could I know these two things do not mix?† (Tan 15: 254), - this question bothered not only Lindo, but the rest of mothers. The women of older generation, â€Å"Old World fossils† (Tan 2: 89), are in the state of permanent cultural shock. The gap between the American and Chinese cultures is supposed to be insurmountable. When one of the women dies, her daughter Jing-mei was invited to take mother’s place at the mahjongg table. The daughters know only about their mothers’ lives in America, but they never told about what kind of life their parent had in China. As one of the young girls states, -"Over the years, she told me the same story, except for the ending, which grew darker, casting long shadows into her life, and eventually into mine."(Tan 1: 21). And if the main task for the older generation was to assimilate into the new environment, for American-born children it was a problem to overcome feelings of shame for their parents being immigrants. Jing-mei feels uneasy in the company of all these Chinese â€Å"aunties†; the young girl taking her mother’s place at the table, which is contrary to her own desire, â€Å"symbolizes the very generation and cultural gap between children and parents† ("BookRags Book Notes on"). Conversations of June and Suyuen testifies to the fact that it was a torture to come to understanding. â€Å"My mother and I never really understood one another. We translated each other's meanings and I seemed to hear less than what was said, while my mother heard more† (Tan 2: 27) Thus, a reader understands that â€Å"there is also a communication barrier between mothers and daughters† ("BookRags Book Notes on"). The mothers are eager to raise their daughters according to their traditions and worldviews, -â€Å"†¦Only two kind of daughters. Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter!" (Tan 8: 142)† The young girls rebel against such intentions; they do not want to be oppressed and do not want their

Implementation of the Saudi Mortgage Law Developing an Effective Research Paper

Implementation of the Saudi Mortgage Law Developing an Effective Mortgage Market in the KSA - Research Paper Example It was also gathered that the main purpose of envisaging the law was to develop secured financing in secondary market and to protect interest of borrowers as well as that of financiers regarding mortgages (Bloomberg â€Å"Saudi Mortgage Law Opens Kingdom to Home Lending Surge†). In the following sections, an overview of the law is discussed along with its impact on the KSA economy (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). Additionally, role of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae in the mortgage market of USA has been discussed along with an outline of importance of creating liquid secondary mortgage market in an economy. Lastly, recommendations have been provided regarding development of mortgage market in the KSA economy. The Saudi mortgage law is also known as the real estate mortgage law which is a union of five different laws regarding financing of real estate and control of finance companies. It was gathered that the enactment of the law was on hold for a very long time period considering the crisis in global real estate market that initiated with development and burst of housing bubble in the USA. These laws are being considered as of paramount importance for the KSA finance sector and real estate market because they are expected to ensure balance while incorporating innovation in the sector. Furthermore, these measures are expected to minimize growing gap in the financing market and emphasize on structured financing in the country’s secondary market. Fundamentally, these laws have been instated to ensure that investment in real estate sector is encouraged without deviating from the Shariah compliances. Basically, the mortgage law will make certain that both parties to a financing transaction will maintain transparency and adopt fair practices. The laws established that financiers should be honest, qualified, and have fair motives while borrowers must agree to various commercial terms and have strong credit rating that reflect

Conservatism and Liberalism Essay Example for Free

Conservatism and Liberalism Essay While there are a multitude of political philosophies in the United States, two have emerged as the dominant and pre-eminent philosophies. They are, of course, liberalism which name derives from liberty and conservatism which derives from conserving the constitution. While there is nothing inherently wrong with either philosophy the minefield of political exclusivity has led to a bitter dispute between both factions that have raged for decades. Many of these disputes are ideological as there are pronounced differences between the two philosophies. In this essay, two major differences will be examined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One common difference is that liberalism prefers that a centralized government will guide the economy. Conservatism prefers that the government would play a smaller role in the economy with the hopes that the market will govern itself. In terms of public policy, this has led to a number of battles over regulation vs. deregulation, increased taxes vs. decreased taxes, etc with ach having varying degrees of success at different points in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of foreign policy, conservatism has always stressed American exceptionalism whereas liberalism has stressed a more unified one world approach to government. The effect this has had on public policy over the years is evidenced in how often or how little American foreign policy is vetted through the United Nations or under accordance with allies overseas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course, there are many more differences between the two but these two examples illustrate major differences between the two on both domestic and international levels.

Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister

Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister Jump to: Life of Pierre Trudeau | Political Career | Achievements | Conclusion Introduction Minister Pierre Trudeau is one of the worlds greatest political leaders who shall be remembered for the greatest work and contribution to modern day society. His leadership style was unique and he had the means to bring the best of it every time of his life. He is amongst the few personalities who have been able to attain immortality through effective leadership skills. Throughout his entire political career, Pierre Trudeau was able to bring out a unique power and skills through which he could break all the boundaries. Many enthusiasts acknowledge and praise his intellect and leadership skills which were vital in maintaining national unity against large numbers Quebec separatists.Trudeau is also recognized for suppressing violent revolt in the Canada, and instituting the Charter of Rights and Freedoms contained in Canadas constitution (Fortes Evans-Pritchard, 2005) .His critics indict him of economic mismanagement, severe arrogance, and disproportionately favoring the federal government in relation regional governments, particularly in trying to manage and control national wealth especially oil in Prairies. He died on September 28, 2000, and many have claimed that he was a hero, and his legacy c shall live long to give human beings the inspiration that he were able to achieve. This paper hence gives a description of his life and achievements in terms of its technical and political elements. Life History, Education and Early Career of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Pierre Trudeau is known to be the 15th prime minister of Canada, from where he served for practically 16 years starting in 1968. He was a university professor before engaging in politics with the then popular Liberal party. Pierre Trudeau was born in October 18, 1919 in the city of Montreal to an immigrant father from France called Charles-Émile Trudeau and Grace Elliott, who was of Scottish descent. He was the second born with two other siblings named Suzette and Charles Jr.; who he remained close to through his entire political life. He was lucky to be born in a wealthy family and he was able to attend the prestigious private school called Collà ¨ge Jean-de-Brà ©beuf, where he became affiliated with Quebec nationalism concepts. In 1943 he was able to earn a law degree at the University of Montreal, where like other Canadian men he was recruited into the Armed forces as part of the government policy. After graduation, he enrolled in the Canadian Officers Training Corps, where he served till the end of the Conscription Crisis of 1944. After his short stint in the army, Trudeau pursued a masters degree in Political economy at the prestigious Harvard University, from where he studied at Ecole des sciences politiques in France, followed by short training in the London School of Economics (Clarkson Christina, 2000). All this took place between 1944 and 1949. After school, Trudeau crisscrossed Asia and Europe touring countries like China, Jerusalem, Thailand, Pakistan, Germany, and Hungary. Its in Jerusalem where Trudeau was arrested for being an Israeli undercover agent, a claim he termed vicious and politically motivated. Regardless of his short stint in Asia and Europe, Trudeau was principally based in Montreal and many people viewed him as an intellectual. His inborn charisma of joining politics where rekindled when he supported the Asbestos strike of 1949, from where he started to criticize the regional government of Quebec, marking the commencement of resistance to the conservatives that had long ruled and managed the province of Quebec. Throughout his early career, Trudeau was the most important figure in the resistance to the oppressive rule of the regional government of Quebec under Maurice Duplessis.As the founder and inaugural editor of Cità © Libre, a dissenting periodical ,he was able to cement an intellectual basis that hel ped residents of Quebec to revolt against the repressive rule of Duplessis. His socialist concepts and ideas, linked with close association with CFF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) and intellectuals like Frank Scott and Charles Taylor, made him to be accepted as a member of social democratic party which was the stepping stone of his political career. Regardless of these acquaintances, Trudeau shifted to liberal party in 1960s and one of the reasons of disserting the party was the differences in ideologies between him and the leaders of the party and the inability of the of the then leader Tommy Douglas, to attract new voters (Fortes Evans-Pritchard, 2005).With huge participation in opposition, Trudeau was blacklisted both by the government of Quebec and United states because of his involvement with Russia and China. With influence, he was hired as an associate professor of law at the prestigious university of Montreal from the early 1961 to 1965.here his ideologies concentrated on the concept of liberalism which was in support of individual rights, a concept that was against Quebec nationalism. His life changed completely in 1965, when he together with his friends Gerard Pelletier and Jean Marchand were requested to run in the upcoming federal elections. Among the candidates proposed by the federal Liberal party, Trudeau was the least popular one in the group that later came to be known as the the three wise men (Couture Claude, 2000). Trudeau Political Career Trudeau political career became serious when he was successfully voted to the House of Commons in the elections of 1965 as a representative of Mount Royal. This year, 1965, then became a very significant period for both the state of Canada and Trudeau in that he was able to replace Alan McNaughton the house speaker from the parliament, a seat he held till his retirement in 1984. After a short stint in the parliament, he was appointed as a parliamentary secretary to then Prime Minister Lester Pearson, where he acted as his confidant and personal representative. In 1967, Pierre Trudeau was appointed by Lester has his Justice Minister a post where he his credited for reforming divorce laws and liberalizing regulations on homosexuality and abortion. When the prime minister announced his intentions to resign, Trudeau was encouraged to enter the contest for the party leadership. His vigorous campaigns made him very popular and after the resignation of Lester, he was elected to be the leader of the liberal party and he was sworn as the prime minister two weeks later.After his election, Trudeau offered an olive branch to states that where politically different in terms of his ideologies and leadership skills and he espoused a unique democracy that was aimed in making Canada a Just Society (Clarkson Christina, 2000). In 1974 he was re-elected as the prime minister under Liberal party platform, whose campaign slogan was to reduce unemployment. Though the elections where very tough, Trudeau emerged the winner. The country economy grew rapidly causing inflation hardships that made the House of Commons to pass a vote of no confidence to Trudeaus government. After surviving the vote, the Liberal government was faced with more severe economic problems, and in the march of 1979, Pierre was forced to call a general election (Couture Claude, 2000). With the economic troubles has an excuse, the Conservative party won the general election with its leader Joe Clark becoming the next prime minister. Few months in office the conservative government was ousted under a vote of confidence relating to issues relating to tax and Trudeau was back to politics again .Here he led the liberals to victory and in 1980 he was declared the 17th Prime Minister of Canada. After a successful political career, Trudeau retired from politics in 1984 and was replaced by John Turner. After exiting politics, he joined Heenan Baikie, a Montreal law firm where he worked as a counsel. Achievements of Pierre Trudeau as Prime Minister Pierre Trudeaus work of making Canada a just and a bilingual country are some of his achievements that made him regarded as an honourable and inspirational prime minister. He was very strict and acted forcefully when he was faced with huge problems that required strict measures. A good example is when James cross and Pierre Laporte were kidnapped and killed, here Trudeau was forced to invoke specific fundamental rights and police were given mandate to arrest and jail people without the due process of law . Another important feature with his contribution is that he was influenced by socialist theory.His ideologies led to the passing of the Official Languages Act, which gave equal rights to Franco Canadians thus making English and French Canadas two official languages. Also its in his time where the first woman was appointed into the cabinet (Cohen Andrew, 1999). He initiated and shielded health care systems and development programs that made the country more balanced by bringing the gap between the rich and poor. He also put into practice many bureaucratic reforms, which made the Parliament and regional government to function more effectively. Also his personal focus on constitution led to the introduction of an act that led to the collapse of Quà ©bec separatism. In his final; political years, Trudeau is credited for drafting Notwithstanding Clause, that gave Canada sovereign rights and total political independence from the British. Every aspect of his work truly replicates to the truth concerning his done fields. For instance, he argues that every genuine life object may be tacit the same way as constructed sequence of proceedings and processes. With connection to this idea, he methodically uses and elaborates in his reality and process (Fortes Evans-Pritchard, 2005). Further, he meditates that materialism in scientific revolution is les s flourishing especially when dealing with factors of teleology and when trying to build up inclusive and incorporated representation of the universe wholly. His contributions towards the field of politics leave a mark on him and thus many live to remember him for his generous involvement and participation. His critics indict him of economic mismanagement, severe arrogance, and disproportionately favouring the federal government in relation regional governments, particularly in trying to manage and control national wealth especially oil in Prairies. In spite of a very successful political life, in the last years of his life, Pierre Trudeau was diagnosed with prostate cancer and Parkinsons disease, and he safely died in his sleep on the 28th day of September 2000. His body was buried in his family tomb at Saint-remi-de-Napierville Cemetory (Clarkson Christina, 2000). Conclusion Minister Pierre Trudeau is regarded as one of the worlds greatest political leaders who shall be remembered for the greatest work and contribution to modern day society. He is one of the few individuals who have been able to realize immortality all the way through effective leadership skills. Throughout his entire political career, Pierre Trudeau was able to bring out a unique power and skills through which he could break all the boundaries. In conclusion, its apparent that Pierre Trudeau is a very important political figure in Canada because of the way he handled FLQ Crisis, his support of bilingualism and Constitution, and the drafting of the notwithstanding act are all clear demonstration of his importance.

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Works Cited Missing Many miraculous events happen in Shakespeare's, "A Midsummer Night's Dream." Magic is an extensive part of the play, as well as, the incredible characters, including: Puck, Lysander, Hermia, Helena, Bottom, and many more. A numerous amount of the characters play more than one important part, to progress interest, in the play. But the most important event in the play is that love and betrayal are the two most crucial elements in the development of the play. One of the characters, Lysander, loves Hermia. They are deeply in love with each other and they care about one another very much. Lysander says, "I will my Hermia" (1.1.227). What he means by this is that he will do anything for her, and by justifying my, he is saying that they are together, and Hermia is his one true love. "Content with Hermia! No; I do repent the tedious minutes I with her have I spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love" (2.2.111-113). Lysander betrays his love for Hermia by getting a magical spell in his eyes to make him love Helena. But he does not get this magic done to him just once, but twice. So, he falls back in love with Hermia, and he stays with her for the rest of eternity. Another one of the characters, Demetrius, loves Hermia, just as Lysander does. Demetrius says, "And here am I, and wood within this

Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Sociopaths Brain Essay -- Diseas

A good looking man in an expensive suite walks past a woman on the subway whistling a catchy tune. Many thoughts begin to run through her head, â€Å"He’s an important business man on his way to his next meeting.† Or â€Å"He’s a father on the way home from work.† As he stops she watches him read a news paper thinking how attractive and self composed he is. In the back of her head she’s wishing that he would speak to her. As she sits and hopes it seems that her wish is going to be answered. The young, attractive gentleman gets up and strides over taking the seat next to her. He introduces himself as Mr. Cromer and engages her in a charming conversation, sweeping her off her feet. In her head everything is going great, she has met the perfect man, all the while she hasn’t noticed that he has lead her to the door of a warehouse. By the time she realizes where she is it is too late, he has her now. As she begins to scream he shoves her in the bu ilding ending all hope. Mr. Cromer actually suffers from a severe case of antisocial personality disorder and has developed a bad habit of abducting, raping and killing women followed by an ostentatious dinner often buying dinks and food for others in the restaurant or bar to which he leaves without every paying. Those who suffer from personality disorders will not necessarily all become killers or rapists but most do participate in illegal activity of some sort. Antisocial personality disorder, also known as sociopathy or psychopathy, is often described as the person lacking any and all morals; they have no conscience. Often these individuals have difficulty or inability to feel empathy for others and as a result they do as they please, not conforming to social norms like the majority of the population... ...ey still commit count less crimes against society and fail to conform to any societal norms. Many perspectives have been trying to better explain what causes this disorder but the close we have gotten is correlation. Like with any disease there are multiple contributing factors so researchers need to take and eclectic approach and hopefully one day we will find a simple answer for this complex disorder that will lead to an effective treatment. Works Cited Haglin, R. P. & Whitbourne, S. K. (2010). Abnormal psychology: clinical perspectives on psychological disorders. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Moran, P. (1999). The epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder. Institute of Psychiatry, (34), 231-242. Ogloff, J. R. (2006). Psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder conundrum. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, (40), 519-528.

Media Law Case Studies Essay

1. Whether, as a Member of Parliament (MP), the Accused’s right of free speech in Parliament, given by sections 3 and 8 of the Houses of Parliament (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance [No. 15 of] 1952 and Article 63(2) of the 1957 Federal Constitution, has been validly limited by the subsequent amendment made to Article 63 with the addition of Clause (4) by the Constitution (Amendment) Act. 1971 (Act A30). 2. Whether the Accused’s right of free speech in Parliament is part of the Constitution’s basic structure or a fundamental rule of natural justice, thus rendering any supposed amendment of the Constitution seeking to limit such right is void and of no effect. 3. Whether the demand for closure of Chinese and Tamil schools in the process of implementing the national language can be legally and constitutionally treated as questioning Article 152(1) and thus, bringing into operation section 3(1) (f) of the Sedition Act 1948 (Revised 1969), despite there not being a demand for the abolition of prohibition of the teaching or learning of such languages. Reasoning 1. While Sections 3 and 8 of the Houses of Parliament (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance 1952 as well as Article 63(2) of the Constitution grants an MP freedom of speech in Parliament without being held liable to be prosecuted or questioned in court, the subsequent addition of Clause 4 in Article 63 states that Clause 2 is not applicable to any person who has committed an offence under Article 10(4) or the Sedition Act 1948. Noting that the Accused is charged via the Sedition Act, it is clear that the Accused’s right of free speech in Parliament is limited by Clause 4 of Article 63. 2. The Accused’s right of free speech in Parliament is not instrumental in forming the basic structure of the constitution. Thus, it was deemed  unnecessary to decide whether or not any amendments made to said Article will destroy the Constitution’s basic structure. In addition, the Accused’s right of free speech is not part of the fundamental rule of natural justice. Therefore, the amendments made to Article 63 – the addition of Clause (4) limiting MPs’ right of free speech in Parliament – are valid. 3. It was decided that it would be premature and speculative to answer this question at the present stage. The answer is deemed to be bound up with uncertain facts of the case and any proceedings made would be based on assumptions. Counsel was advised to forward the submission prepared to the trial Judge, of whom the case was further referred to. Held The case was accordingly directed to the learned trial Judge for continuation and disposal in accordance with the aforementioned judgment and otherwise according to law. Title and Citation Public Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy [1986] 1 MLJ 518 Facts The accused, Vice President of the Bar Council Param Cumaraswamy, was charged for committing an offence under Section 4(1)(b) of the Sedition Act 1948 (Revised 1969) for uttering seditious words during a press conference at the office of the Selangor and Federal Territory Bar Committee on 24 July 1985. The accused was making an open appeal to the Pardons Board to reconsider the petition of Sim Kie Chon, who was charged under the Internal Security Act for possessing an unlicensed forearm, for the commutation of his death sentence. Issues 1. Whether the words uttered by Cumaraswamy can be considered seditious under Section 3 of the Sedition Act. 2. Whether the statement made by Cumaraswamy incited feelings of ill-will and hostility between the different classes of the Malaysian population under Section 3(1)(e) of the Sedition Act. 3. Whether the statement made by Cumaraswamy incited hatred or contempt or excited disaffection against the Authority under Section 3(1)(a). Reasoning 1. Uttered words can only be considered seditious if they achieve one or more of the instruments specified in Section 3(1) of the Sedition Act. Section 3(1)(d) of the Sedition Act 1948 states that for uttered words to be considered seditious, it must be capable of raising discontent or disaffection amongst the people of Malaysia. The press statement was an open appeal to the Pardons Board urging them to exercise their powers uniformly so that the people would not be made to feel that the Board was discriminatory. It was agreed by the Court that the words which were used were unlikely to create discontent or disaffection neither among the people nor against the Authority i.e. Yang di-Pertuan Agong, any other Rulers of State and the government. 2. Section 3(1)(e) of the Sedition Act defines an act with seditious tendency that is capable of promotin feeling of ill-will and hostility between different classes of the population of Malaysia. In one part of the press statement, Cumaraswamy pointed out to the Pardons Board that the people should not be made to feel that the Board was discriminating between â€Å"the poor, the meek and the unfortunate† and â€Å"the rich, the powerful and the influential†. The court agreed that instead of trying to promote ill-will and hostility between the different classes of the population, Cumaraswamy was in fact urging the Board not to create the feeling or impression among the population that the Board was discriminating between the different classes. 3. Section 3(1)(a) stated that a ‘seditious tendency’ is a tendency to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against any Ruler or against any Government. It should be noted that Cumaraswamy’s appeal was directed at the Pardons Board and not at the Ruler i.e. the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hence, it is clear that the statement did not carry the tendency to bring upon hatred of disaffection against the Ruler. Held Mr. Cumaraswamy was found not guilty of sedition. He was subsequently acquitted and discharged. Title and Citation Public Prosecutor v. Pung Chen Choon [1994] 1 MLJ 566 Facts The accused, Pung Chen Choon, editor of newspaper The Borneo Mail, was charged of maliciously publishing false news in The Borneo Mail dated 16 July 1990, stating that Benjamin Basintrol, a priest, had been arrested under the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA), whereas another priest was on the run from the police and several others were understood to be on the ‘wanted’ list. He was charged with an offence under Section 8A(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (PPPA). He was prosecuted in the Magistrates’ Court in Kota Kinabalu. A few issues were raised, leading to the case being forwarded to the High Court and subsequently, to the Supreme Court. Issues The following issues of law were presented to the Supreme Court for determination: 1. Whether Section 8A(1) of PPPA, when read with Section 8A(2), restricts the right to freedom of speech and expression granted by Article 10(1)(a) of the Constitution. 2. If so, whether the restriction imposed is one permitted by or under Article 10(2)(a) of the Constitution. 3. Whether Section 8A(1) of PPPA, read with Section 8A(2), is consistent with Article 10(1)(a) and (2)(a) of the Constitution and therefore, valid. 4. Whether Section 8A(2) of PPPA, by presuming that false news by itself is malicious, amounts to pre-censorship and therefore, disregards Article 10(1)(a) and (2) of the Constitution. Reasoning 1. The Malaysian Constitution, unlike the First Amendment to the Constitution of the USA, does not directly addresses freedom of press. However, judicial opinion in India regarding Article 19(1) of the Indian Constitution, which grants all citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression, has established that freedom of press is included within its domain. In regards to that, it is clear that Section 8A(1) of the PPPA does restrict the right to freedom of speech and expression granted by Article 10(1)(a) of the Constitution. 2 & 3. Although not all false news, even if maliciously published, falls within the stated restrictions in Article 10(2)(a), it is possible that the malicious publication of false news could incite acts which jeopardize the internal security of the country, undermine Malaysia’s friendly relations with other countries, lead to disturbance of public  order, and incite the commission of offences. Hence, it can be said that Section 8A of PPPA falls within the orbit of permitted restrictions in Article 10(2)(a) of the Constitution and is constitutionally valid. 4. Section 8A(2) of PPPA is merely a statutory presumption which operates at the trial stage, arising only if the prosecution are able to prove – when prosecuting the accused in court – that the news published is false. Section 8A(2) is, in no way, equated with pre-censorship, which can only take place before publication. Moreover, Section 8A(2) does not restrict freedom of press either directly or indirectly. Hence, the answer to Question 4 is ‘no’. Held The case was forwarded to the magistrate to proceed with the hearing, taking into account the answers to the questions presented, to determine whether the offence charged has been ascertained by the prosecution beyond all reasonable doubt. References Mark Koding v. Public Prosecutor [1982] 2 MLJ 120 Public Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy [1986] 1 MLJ 512 Public Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy (No. 2) [1986] 1 MLJ 518 Public Prosecutor v. Pung Chen Choon [1994] 1 MLJ 566