Pastor as Person †A Review Essay Example for Free

Pastor as Person A Review EssayAs the title itself suggests, the whole thrust is on the personhood of the minister. At the lucre (Chapter Two), stress is given to highlight the need for new approach in ministry. Although it was not directly stated, the idea was pointed out when Tom, a pastor, received a earn from his alma mater concerning the seminarys plan to include into its curriculum a subject c aloneed The Person in Ministry. As the conversation of the characters progressed, and at the same time their personalities fair introduced briefly in chapter one, the theme of the entire book becomes more in focus. Indeed, as Gary L. Harbaugh was trying to highlight from the very outset, even the person behind the rostrum Sunday after Sunday is a real person with the characteristics of a normal human being with almost the same things to cope in life, if not exactly identical. The way the five pastors were presented Tom Daniels, Joan Russel, Paul Denning, Chris Campbell, and Jo hn Jeffrich in the first chapter seems to stress the fact of the human side of ministers in general.Although the tone of the author, all along, was to paint an honest appraisal of the pastor, and at the same time with the intention of helping his readers realize the impossibility for those among the ordained clergy to perform their lifetime duties effectively without comprehending their grade as human beings, more often than not, the overall expectation from the ministers is very unrealistic. And so, Harbaugh, in this book, incorporated all necessary studies/sciences which for him might yield a more comprehensive and more accurate portrayal of the minister as human specie.Through the lenses of philosophy, theology, psychology, and anthropology, the pastor was presented not as person who is above the rest, but someone who is very much like those considered rank and file (Harbaugh, 1985). At the last paragraph of the book, Dr. Harbaugh expressed his hope that upon reading, the rea der (presumably, a minister) is affirmed and now having gained expensive insights into his/her personhood, with fresh outlook, the remain years of ministry will not be anymore burdensome but promising instead.In Chapter Two, Harbaugh highlights the reality that the pastor is not merely a spiritual person but physical as well. He experiences stress and at times may be subjected to bouts of burnout. King Hezekiah of the Old will was mentioned as an object lesson of a person dealing with stress. The author pointed out that at that place are correct responses to stressors and pressures, although unfortunately, pastors usually opted for what Dr. Harbaugh called as the pastors coarse reactions to stress.To really experience growth in life and in faith, one has to face his/her responsibilities and do everything within his/her ability to do, and at the same time, one has to engage his limitations that he/she cannot possibly do everything even while doing and employing the best possib le means within his/her ability. As Dr. Harbaugh said, using the well familiar hymn, Christ is the whole rock on which ultimately, our holistic response to stress can stand. Moreover, the pastor also is an intellectual being. He thinks.This is the emphasis of the third chapter. While it is true that there are similarities, or things common among those in the clergy, Harbaugh maintains the individuality of the pastor (Harbaugh, 1985). This means that each pastor is different and hence must be dealt with individually. A dependable balance must be maintained between the pastors vocation and his personal/family life. Dr. Harbaugh, in Chapter Four, introduced Ptr. John Jeffrich. Through Jeffrichs personality, Harbaugh presented a pastor just like anybody else reacting and full of emotions.Indeed, one cannot empathize with others without having gone through the same griefs which other people have gone through. Weakness is strength (Harbaugh, 1985). The remaining chapters 5 and 6 are expansions, further explorations of previous chapters. How the pastor should deal with different issues as he/she relates to other people. In summary, the pastor should learn to combine everything that he/she is with strengths and weaknesses. As a pastor, he/she is chosen by God for the people of God.

Role of the Photographer in Preserving Wilderness

Role of the P sweltryographer in Preserving state of degradeWild liveliness Photography schemaThis dissertation addresses the kinship amongst quite a little and the environment, specific scarcey that which is flat described as the unrestrained. The line innate state is applied to both the put d take in and the naval environments and looks at how the kookieerness came to be defined as such. It looks at the roughies in de terminationining cling toive measures and ensuring they ar effective and accommodate for purpose. Fit for purpose obviously begs the enquiry as to fit for whose purpose and this pivotal question exposes the delicate balance amongst every last(predicate)owing access to the wild and defend the wild from populaces access.In the face of this tension, and betrothal of interest, more agencies crosswise the world stick out tried various slipway to balance the take and desires of mans subsistence and deflectional activities in the wild. When s uccessful, they achieve customary turn out to armed service pre administer the wilderness and dress up revenue to succor fund the monitoring and policing of focusing policies to those aras.This dissertation looks at the measures that take hold been introduced to protect and preserve the wild. It also explores the problems lining the trusts and agencies charged with defining bring d sustain and marine focusing policies and the immensity of engaging the various publics with their vested interests.It is in the capacity of promoting the beaut and the revolution of give in the wilds of the devours and waters,and their importance to the ecosystems and food chains, that the lensman is able to play a role in benefactoring protect these threatened regions of the earth. The photographers role in helping educate and circularize information to raise the profile of the fragility of the wild is an all-important(prenominal) unrivalled. Their pictures speak to the snip of sta keholders im actuate ocular communicates vital in securing public support and that of their individual goernments to secure long tax shelter of these ever so-decreasing regions.IntroductionThis study explores the archetype of wilderness, how it, and nature in general, is depicted by advertisers, the mass-media, e.g., books, television, magazines etc. and how, in turn, this depiction whitethorn sour the ways volume thus relate to and interact with nature. I then look at the influence of photography and the role of the photographer specialising in nature photography to help preserve what is loosely screamed wilderness in a world dominated by industry, tourism, transportation and consumerism all ever greedy for innate(p) resources.The tension between the demand for access to, and usage of, unsp inuncted or wild environments and the negative impact that such access has on those environments is a difficult land/marine management problem. Britain and the States both hire c onservation and wilderness defense legislation, as do thoroughly-nigh opposite countries, but withdraw had to accept that people want to interact with nature itself. Part of their solution has been to define the concept of wilderness, define the levels of access and type of fundamental interaction and manage the bea to ensure it is cosmos used responsibly and respectfully.Naturally, the description of wilderness itself is subject to debate and the rigour with which responsible access and usage of the wild environments is policed depends on many factors. There eject be economic drivers that actively advertise poaching and habitat close, e.g., the ivory trade, illegal but extremely lucrative or handed-d declare Chinese music that uses come outs from animals, including threaten species in its practise. If people argon poor and face a life of hardship it is easy to see how fashioning a swarm of m championy from poaching or illegal animal trading, for example, could temp t them. Patrolling and protecting lands, waters and indigenous life requires financial backing. It requires a goernment to nurse them and enshrine the determine in laws and legislation. It requires foreign governments to outlaw the import or trade of exotic plant and animal life and in doing so, stop funding the poachers and hunters. It requires money to provide wardens or patrols. It requires education. It may not be possible to educate people to value their lands and animals above their own survival but it business leader be possible to educate them into thinking of ways to make money from the environment, by showcasing nature in its congenital environment. But how some(prenominal) interaction? And what forms net such interaction take? These argon the dilemmas facing many countries around the world.The photographer deal play an educative role. This role fire be one of raising sense of the value of the habitats, ecosystems and the sheer dish aerial of the diversity of l ife on earth. In this way, they smoke play a part in promoting a public, even global, aw arness and value of the planet, not just for the needs of today but also for that of successive contemporariess. Many photographers specialising in photography of the wild atomic matter 18 actively refer in campaigning for conservation or preserving such wilderness as is left on earth and work with various agencies align to common goals.I hope to demonst consecrate that photographers workings in alliance with other agencies make a positive difference that help persuade public opinion and political response into valuing what is left of our unspoiled environments.The Role of the Human in Environmental ChangeAs a species, our environmental impacts have increased, and escalate at an or so exponential rate. Mans ability to adapt and modify and shape the environment, changing its natural state to make it suitable to accommodate our needs, demands and desires is unparalleled by any other spec ies. It is this ability to master and dominate nature, accepted almost as an entitlement, that constitutes an ideology which is shared by practically every society on the planet, through the agent of globalisation (Goudie, 2000).For example, tribal societies hunt and gather food and resources, post-Neolithic groups began the domestication of livestock, and sowed the first generators of agriculture. Even the construction of the grand canal in ancient China are all examples of the anthropogenic shaping and control over nature throughout early gays history. The impetus driving these developments has more often than not been the essential to provide for the needs of a growing and successful macrocosm, be it food, clothing, shelter or to further the spiritual expression of the people. (Ponting 1991).And tacit, Homo Sapiens is the that species which has created its own nature business it culture, or civilisation. This second nature maybe started as a gradual, progressive outside ration and divergence from the natural biosphere as a ostensibly natural furtherance on mans evolutionary path. However, as mans skills in developing tools for agriculture, hunting and industrialisation grew, the rate of change intensified. Mans power to consume, appropriate and exploit nature to fulfil ever diversifying needs from driving the Huia, an Australasian wattle bird, to extinction for the sole purpose of decorating Europeans hats (CNN, 1999), to clearing rainforest to make space for grazing and cut growing is close unchecked and unchallenged. mend these are just two unrelated and isolated examples, the demands of supplying and servicing global requirements for resources are seemingly end slight. The message that the German consultative Council for Global Environmental Change (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltvernderungen, WBGU) positiond at the acquirening of its yearly assessment for the year 2000 was Breathless and fragmented, the worl d rushes into the new millennium. go years on, on that point has been no slow down. (WBGU, 2001)According to Mongabay (2009), over eighty percent of cleared forest land from created between 1996 and 2006 has been used to create locoweed for cattle. If this prolific rate of deforestation over the last decade wasnt enough, the Brazilian government in draws to double its share of the world beef market to 60% by 2018.Such decimation and destruction cannot be justified by only a clear business rationale. For example, the practise of clearing rainforest to enable cattle grazing, etc., is expenditure economically less than the cleared forest originally was. moreover mans desire to trade one of the largest biologically diverse, in many ways unique, and visually immobilise ecosystems for cheap burgers and hot coffee continues.Despite the many organisations, campaign groups and societies all working for the protection, conservation and re-naturalisation of the Earths environs, the WBGU gratuityed the worlds environment as one in constant crisis. lend global fogy fuel consumption (coal, oil and natural gas) rose to 7,956 million metric tons. Carbon dioxide emissions reached 6,553 million tons in 2001, amounting to a record concentration of 384 ppm atomic number 6 dioxide in the atmosphere (measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, 2007). The capacity of the 436 nuclear reactors operating in over 35 countries reached 351 gigawatts and the economic mega-machine on which all these achievements rested, produced a record annual gross world product of US $40.5 trillion in 1999 (1998 prices). (WGBU, 2001) These lavishly profits come at the expense of the health of the environment, accelerating its deterioration.Franz Broswimmer (2001) coined the term ecocide, for his book Ecocide A Short History of the Mass Extinction of Species In it, he writes about the destructive processes, the ways in which human existences have constructed their apprisal to their surround ing environments, world responsible for, as vigorous as legitimising, negative human impact on global ecosystems, which he accepts date back over 5000 years, though others claim that this ecocide began long before this, for instance, the extinction of the Woolly Mammoth is arguably attributed to human hunters some 11000 years ago, according to Martin (2005).ConservationConservation is a means of managing the resources of an ecosystem bit protecting it from depletion and destruction, avoiding change and accumulation of man-made artefacts. This allows us to benefit from the ecosystem indefinitely. Long into the future, managed use and sensible precautions will prevent the degradation of a habitat, protecting the species inwardly it.There are countless reasons for natural conservation, not only can our continued survival depend on its existence (the natural processes of plant life provide us with oxygen, recycle machinebon dioxide from the air, insects and fungi help decompose bi ological litter and waste, which in turn fertilize plants, which then grow much efficiently, providing more and better fruits and crops, which then feed us or animals which we hunt or eat). Each of these processes is reliant on other variables world maintained, a concept key to that of conservation. If the biological resources are managed properly, they are effectively renewable resources which will become ever more important as fogy fuel militia become increasing expensive and disused.Conservation of SpeciesMany geographically remote islands and peninsulas are rich in endemic species plants and animals that are anchor nowhere else. collectable to their geographic isolation, and the millions of years since life has had a chance to populate it, small populations have gradually adapted and evolved to their environment. This genetic isolation is important as it contains a wealth of genetic information that is unique, these genes may hold futures cures and manufacturing processes that we have yet to realise.Unfortunately these island populations are proportionally small, and with such little habitat available to them, they are susceptible to habitat loss, and since they originally formed from small populations, they are genetically very similar, the introduction of a di sease can vitrine large proportions to die, and the resulting deficiency of genetic diversity can lead to the eventual extinction as mutations become more and more common. Introduced species wish rats and even cats are responsible for causing the extinction of species. Many extinctions from the last century have been those of endemic island species, even more are now exist.The protection of these genetic reserves should be one of an island peoples highest priorities, while this is often difficult to balance with the populations needs, which conflict with those of the habitat, such as water sewage, agriculture and transport infrastructure. Protecting these endemic species is a difficult task, the high level diversity, and the fact the entire population is in one place, coupled with the fact that the population has needs, this results in islands having far higher ratios of endangered species per head of the population than anywhere else. If a balance is not struck in measure, these species are gone forever.Protected Areas for ConservationEvery country or island has at least(prenominal) some study that needs to be protect, the habitat in question varies, coral reef, bog-land, forest, sand dune, in spite of appearance these areas may be rare or endangered species of plant or animal, or these may be complete and important ecosystems as yet untouched by development. These areas may serve a variety show of purposes, from being historic importance, tourism, or refuge for species harvested outside of that area, or protecting against bad weather- for instance, sand dunes and wetlands protect against storm surges by dissipating curve energy over those lands, without d amaging coastal towns.These spaces often have laws protecting individual species, from While thither is some legislation which protects certain(p) species against hunting, interference, or a closed pacify for them to breed and recover, these laws do not protect species or the habitat these species confide on in many cases, and among the best protection we can offer them is to bunch aside their habitat, and minimise human interaction to avoid disturbance. Because of this most countries, provinces and islands create reserves, or guinea pig parks. Reserves by their nature tend to have a smaller purpose, where the national parks are large open areas, available to the public for recreational activities that do not damage. These areas act as safe places for multitudes of animals and plants, instigate tourism- providing income for peoples, or for protecting natural resources that may pass through that area, such as drinkable water.While it is governments who usually have the land and the power to be able to actually designate reserves and issue Parks, public awareness needs to be elevated concerning the reason these lands have been protected This will help to ensure that the visiting public respect them, ensuring that they last for future generations.The governments of developing nations do not often have the resources to fully protect and police these places, and rely on the public and outside assistance, either from charities or tourism money to help protect them. There are cases where these reserves are not desexualise properly, with harvesting and poaching taking place, causing these areas to fail.Other than protecting the natural world, these places allow scientific research to be conducted helping us to understand what makes these species and lands special, as well as providing a context in which the public can be educated in the importance of the natural world. This is curiously important when so many people use supermarkets for their food, distancin g them from the origins of their food. This education can also be useful in helping people understand their own history, as well as their national and cultural heritage.Individual Conservation personationionsIf we are to keep as much of our resources as renewable as possible, there is a fatality to keep conservation at the heart of any initiative. Maintaining all the elements of the ecosystem allows these initiatives to be most productive, as everybody uses these resources in some way to some degree. There are ways that everybody can give something back, contributing to conservation as a whole.Governments alone will generally find it difficult to set enough land aside to include large expanses of varying habitats. From forest and reef, to wetlands and savannah, especially considering the differing needs of both the land itself and society as a whole. From conservation and research to recreation and sustainable harvesting. However, with the aid of local groups and land owners (espe cially in those countries that are governed regionally, or by tribal groups) people can organise their own resources. In protecting these resources and by extension the habitat and biodiversity, they protect their own interests, whether they are economic or cultural.Farmers, along with other land owners have the luck to manage their land so that they are able to protect their resources, allowing their soil to hang in fertile, firewood and other lumber etc. produce to be gathered regularly, as well as ensuring water is kept clean for drinking and gardens etc. On top of this, on difficult or unused areas trees can be planted, allowing for extra diversity and extra resources over the medium to long term, when a tree is finally cut down, another can be replanted to ensure supplies for the future.traditional ConservationWhile it is always the case, many peoples living in remote areas and islands, who have and still practice their traditional way of life, live in agreement with their s urround, knowing when a resource is available, and how much can readily be used. Plants interpreted for food, medicine or any other reason often have a seed placed where the previous plant grew, ensuring that not only is diversity maintained, but that the resource is effectively renewable. This intimate knowledge of their own surroundings was passed down from generation to generation, but as development and modernisation encroach on those remote areas in ways previously impossible, this knowledge is not maintained, and ways of life are forgotten in favour of the luxuries modern life brings.What is the wilderness?Where does the man-made landscape end and nature begin? First, we must begin by flavor at the definition of wilderness, and whether any definitions for it is fixed in meaning or looser and therefore able to accommodate shifts in societies information of the relative states between urban and nature.We can start by looking at some definitions of wilderness.(n) a region uncu ltivated and uninhabited a pathless, lonesome or unexplored region such a region deliberately carry on from the inroads of tourism a desolate waste of any kind e.g. an conclusion of open sea (poetic) a part of a garden or estate allowed to run wild, or cultivated in imitation of natural woodland an overgrown embroil of weeds, etc. conditions of life, or a place, in which the spirit feels desolate the situation of being without public office or influence, or of being forgotten by the public, after playing a leading role the present world a large confused or confusing throng wildness (obs). -Chambers (2008) natural state is the landscape which contains only the plants and animals native to it. Where man is alone with the living earth. Where there is neither fixed nor mechanical artefact. Once this environment was everywhere, now only relics remain. Yet in these places are the original bonds between man and the earth. In these are the roots of all religion, history, art, and scien ce. In renewing these links lies the permanent value of wilderness to man. (Feely, 2008)It is difficult to fit either definition to any area on earth today. Pollution, mass transportation, the introduction of non-native insects, plant or animal, into alien habitats (sometimes accidental, sometimes deliberate), the private effects of acid rain, radioactive and chemical contamination, the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer on the Earths waters, air, soil and seabed, amongst other things, all contaminate and despoil that which we would call wild and render these definitions void.How do we relate to wilderness?The media regularly portrays nature as mans bounty, there for the taking, as and when we want, with ever more exotic fruits and ingredients are used in the production of shampoos and beauty creams. This type of portrayal promotes an abundance of nature that there is plenty of everything, there is no deficit. Another interesting depiction of nature is that of a challenge to man. Programmes such as The Deadliest Catch shows man battling with the forces of nature, in this case, the harsh extremes of the Bering Sea while crab fishing (The Deadliest Catch, 2005). These portrayals serve to promote a certain mythos about the planet. That it is still wild, unspoilt, untouched. However, these depictions are inaccurate. According to some reports, just 17% of the worlds landmass is still considered unspoiled or wild 8 and that is only in relative terms. There is no absolute wilderness left. But how can this depiction be countered. How do we educate and promote conservation?Boyd Norton is a photographer and glowing campaigner for the economy of the wild. In an extract from his soon-to-be-released book Serengeti the stillness of the eternal beginning (Norton, 2008) he dialogue about the wealth of wildlife and the spirit of place that the Serengeti has. The Serengeti has a large preserved area, some 10,000 sq miles when the protected areas around it are incl uded. Yet, he states how small it is, an island in a sea of man. For Norton, the Serengeti is the land of our beginnings. He states that we are all Africans, that paeleo-anthropologists and DNA sleuths can trace the origin of our species to the Serengeti ecosystem. He says it is there we became more human as a species transformed from quadrupeds to bipeds and man was still an intricate part of the wilderness.He talks of how man lived within zones, probably dictated by how much ground could be covered in one day or the range that was sufficiently safe for man to travel on a hunting foray, etc. However, the wilderness also offered temptations to encroach further. Other foods, plants, berries, animals etc., that could sustain and support human life lay out there. That range probably changed with seasons and weather patterns.Norton claims that it all started with the Serengeti. He refers to a quote from Carl Jung, visiting the Serengeti for the first time A most piercing sentiment of blow overing to the land of my youth. Norton relates to this and believes something resonates, perhaps in the molecules of our DNA or our genes, that trigger occasional memories of our origins. What some might call an organic memory.He feels that corresponding sense of returning home whenever he travels to the Serengeti and explains his passion for that wild land. He maintains that it remains the stillness of the eternal beginning. He campaigns vigorously for the protection of the Serengeti and other wild lands across the world. (Norton, 2008)Ed Burtynsky (Nickel Tailings No. 31,Sudbury, Ontario 1996)Contrasting the works of many environmental photographers is Burtynsky, his exposures are always evidence of human activities, often taken on a scale that seems to defy belief, often the subject of the image is opposite to nature, a polluting force in the landscape, whether these are marble quarries, mountains of used car tyres or oil derricks, the concept of a pristine habitat does n ot occur in his images, but the concept of wilderness is embodied, of landscapes so transformed by our actions that they go beyond urban, and are once again wild. Unlike Adams who never included humans or human activity in his images, Burtynsky always references human activity in some way, often in subtle ways, with only the caption or title of the image giving up the secret of how we have disfigured the landscape. These images are very deliberate, often creating beauty from polluted and sick land. This kind of disfigurement does not intrinsically attract the same kind of support that photographers like Adams or Peschak did or has, though as his website demonstrates, he considers himself a fine art photographer, and has a large number of corporate clients, including those most possible to create this landscapes including oil and Construction companies. Suggesting that his images are aesthetically pleasing enough for those companies to display them with disregard to the obvious env ironmental damage they have caused in creating them.The 1964 Wilderness ActAnsel Adams (Lake Macdonald 1942)The joined States was the first country in the world to define, designate and protect large ecologically important tracts of land as wilderness. It not only created a working definition of wilderness but also enshrined it in the 1964 Wilderness Act, as lands designated for preservation and protection in their natural condition and generally appears to have been touch primarily by the forces of nature, with the imprint of mans work substantially unnoticeable (Zahniser, 1964). It allowed for the rationality and acknowledgement that any wild area would still be affected by human activities the imprint of mans work substantially unnoticeable.The Wilderness Act of 1964 was a landmark event in ecological terms, it was the institutionalisation of a concept, it described the wilderness as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammelled by man, where man himself i s a visitor who does not remain. Its very definition then, was a place where vehicles would not be allowed to traverse, where no permanent camps or structures would be allowed and resources could not be harvested or exploited. Wildlife and its habitat would be maintained as unspoiled as humanly possible. (Zahniser, 1964)Ansel Adams was a 20th century photographer and also a tireless worker and activist for protection of the wilderness and the environment. He was the force behind the 1964 Wilderness Act in the USA. His passion for nature saw him almost constantly travelling through the unify States, photographing the natural beauty. As a photographer his images become iconic not only for their beauty, but also for representing the wilderness of America. Adams had stated that he never consciously taken an image for environmental purposes, but his work with the Sierra Club, and the many thousands of letters he wrote and meetings he was involved in support for conservation, and the cre ation of national parks were in no doubt related to his passion for nature and his belief it should be preserved, his images may not have been taken for those purposes but in his beliefs were embodied within them, Even today people think of the national parks with the epic beauty and magnificence that Adams infused within his images. Adams biography entry in the American National Biography mentions that his images did not simply record and document the environment but sought an intensification and purification of the psychological consider of natural beauty, the purpose these images had no doubt made them powerful tools for changing perceptions of nature and the environment for the American public and government officials.The Act helped to create the National Wilderness Preservation System, and raised American awareness regarding the nations National parks and wild lands. This legislative act created a new and novel way of preserving not only land and visual beauty, but also habita t, ensuring that rare plants and animals were protected. Its creation led to millions of acres designated as the newly protected wilderness. Instead of barring all human interaction, recreational activities like hiking, camping, kayaking and other outdoor activities are provided for. These areas, therefore, are protected from industrial exploitation but sustain vacuous, tourism and recreation industries, which are much smaller in scale, with less ecological damage than heavy industry. It gives the land back, not only to the people of today but also future generations. It provides opportunities to experience nature as natural as possible the great outdoors and escape the ever increasing hustle and bustle of a modern industrial and mechanised lifestyle.The Act allows for a man-managed or man-sustained wilderness as opposed to a natural wilderness. But does this definition go far enough? Is it possible and sustainable? Roz McClellan the theatre director of the Rocky Mountain Recrea tion Initiative (NTTP, 2007) asserts that a workable definition needs to accept mans interaction AND the management of the environment. She asserts that any definition of wilderness has to structured reasonable interaction from man, in such a way that would uphold American principles of multiple use, providing access within defined parameters. This can mean, for example, prohibiting certain activities during brotherhood seasons or when weather conditions have left the environment more vulnerable than usual.McClellan argues that any new definition should provide for the widest possible range of mutually compatible, sustainable services and outputs. These could include outputs such as potable water, control of soil erosion, water table control, study and research, fishing as well as including leisure activities. To be sustainable, however, these must not interfere with or reduce the long term capacity of any of the ecosystems restorative abilities.The key term here is not compromise . This is where the concept of land management starts to creep in. Without some form of monitoring and control the potential for destructive behaviours and interactions would go unchecked. So, the opportunities to experience natural earth present administrative challenges that lie outside of the definition of wilderness. The Wilderness Foundation UKThe Wilderness Foundation UK (Wilderness Foundation, 2008) is a UK-based organisation which operates over a number of countries, including UK, South America and the United States. It is an organisation which promotes the benefits of wild areas and creates a connection between people and nature without the use of permanent or mechanic artefacts. They promote a return to nature and oppose large scale destructive building plans, such as the expansion of airports, for example.Their approach is holistic and all-embracing of man as part of nature. As Albert Einstein reflectedA human being is a part of a whole, called by us universe, a part con tain in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, close us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. (Einstein, 1932)Measuring the effectiveness of land managementThe problem of defining the wilderness in disposition to protect it is debatable enough but is compounded by the added complexity of then understanding how the relationships generated between people and protected lands affect, and are affected by, the management policies, actions and plans put into place to manage them. After all, defining and protecting nature is, ultimately, on mans terms. But which men? The terms may not be only if appropriate, however well-intentioned, and may preclude the activities of native tribes and their land. Managing the land effectively, then, includes identifying any sources of conflict between the varying and different demands placed on the wilderness. This is important for understanding the influences the management policies may have on any conflicts of interest.The type of factors to be considered include the contrasting values of wilderness for visitors and natives, as well as local, rural and impertinent urban stakeholders. The understanding of these relationships is especially relevant to those groups who have used the wilderness for subsistenceRole of the Photographer in Preserving WildernessRole of the Photographer in Preserving WildernessWildlife PhotographySynopsisThis dissertation addresses the relationship between people and the environment, specifically that which is now described as the wild. The term wilderness is applied to both the land and the marine environments and looks at how the wilderness came to be defi ned as such. It looks at the difficulties in determining protective measures and ensuring they are effective and fit for purpose. Fit for purpose obviously begs the question as to fit for whose purpose and this pivotal question exposes the delicate balance between allowing access to the wild and protecting the wild from mans access.In the face of this tension, and conflict of interest, many agencies across the world have tried various ways to balance the needs and desires of mans subsistence and recreational activities in the wild. When successful, they achieve public support to help preserve the wilderness and raise revenue to help fund the monitoring and policing of management policies to those areas.This dissertation looks at the measures that have been introduced to protect and preserve the wild. It also explores the problems facing the trusts and agencies charged with defining land and marine management policies and the importance of engaging the various publics with their vest ed interests.It is in the capacity of promoting the beauty and the diversity of life in the wilds of the lands and waters,and their importance to the ecosystems and food chains, that the photographer is able to play a role in helping protect these threatened regions of the earth. The photographers role in helping educate and disseminate information to raise the profile of the fragility of the wild is an important one. Their pictures speak to the range of stakeholders provide visual messages vital in securing public support and that of their respective governments to secure long-term protection of these ever-decreasing regions.IntroductionThis study explores the concept of wilderness, how it, and nature in general, is depicted by advertisers, the mass-media, e.g., books, television, magazines etc. and how, in turn, this depiction may influence the ways people then relate to and interact with nature. I then look at the influence of photography and the role of the photographer speciali sing in nature photography to help preserve what is loosely called wilderness in a world dominated by industry, tourism, transportation and consumerism all ever greedy for natural resources.The tension between the demand for access to, and usage of, unspoiled or wild environments and the negative impact that such access has on those environments is a difficult land/marine management problem. Britain and America both have conservation and wilderness protection legislation, as do some other countries, but have had to accept that people want to interact with nature itself. Part of their solution has been to define the concept of wilderness, define the levels of access and type of interaction and manage the area to ensure it is being used responsibly and respectfully.Naturally, the definition of wilderness itself is subject to debate and the rigour with which responsible access and usage of the wild environments is policed depends on many factors. There can be economic drivers that act ively promote poaching and habitat destruction, e.g., the ivory trade, illegal but extremely lucrative or traditional Chinese medicine that uses parts from animals, including endangered species in its practise. If people are poor and face a life of hardship it is easy to see how making a lot of money from poaching or illegal animal trading, for example, could tempt them. Patrolling and protecting lands, waters and indigenous life requires funding. It requires a government to value them and enshrine the values in laws and legislation. It requires foreign governments to outlaw the import or trade of exotic plant and animal life and in doing so, stop funding the poachers and hunters. It requires money to provide wardens or patrols. It requires education. It may not be possible to educate people to value their lands and animals above their own survival but it might be possible to educate them into thinking of ways to make money from the environment, by showcasing nature in its natural e nvironment. But how much interaction? And what forms can such interaction take? These are the dilemmas facing many countries around the world.The photographer can play an educative role. This role can be one of raising awareness of the value of the habitats, ecosystems and the sheer beauty of the diversity of life on earth. In this way, they can play a part in promoting a public, even global, consciousness and value of the planet, not just for the needs of today but also for that of successive generations. Many photographers specialising in photography of the wild are actively involved in campaigning for conservation or preserving such wilderness as is left on earth and work with various agencies aligned to common goals.I hope to demonstrate that photographers working in alliance with other agencies make a positive difference that help persuade public opinion and governmental response into valuing what is left of our unspoiled environments.The Role of the Human in Environmental Chan geAs a species, our environmental impacts have increased, and intensified at an almost exponential rate. Mans ability to adapt and modify and shape the environment, changing its natural state to make it suitable to accommodate our needs, demands and desires is unparalleled by any other species. It is this ability to master and dominate nature, accepted almost as an entitlement, that constitutes an ideology which is shared by practically every society on the planet, through the means of globalisation (Goudie, 2000).For example, tribal societies hunt and gather food and resources, post-Neolithic groups began the domestication of livestock, and sowed the first seeds of agriculture. Even the construction of the grand canal in ancient China are all examples of the anthropogenic shaping and control over nature throughout early human history. The impetus driving these developments has generally been the necessity to provide for the needs of a growing and successful population, be it food, clothing, shelter or to further the spiritual expression of the people. (Ponting 1991).And still, Homo Sapiens is the only species which has created its own nature calling it culture, or civilisation. This second nature maybe started as a gradual, progressive alienation and divergence from the natural biosphere as a seemingly natural progression on mans evolutionary path. However, as mans skills in developing tools for agriculture, hunting and industrialisation grew, the rate of change intensified. Mans power to consume, appropriate and exploit nature to fulfil ever diversifying needs from driving the Huia, an Australasian wattle bird, to extinction for the sole purpose of decorating Europeans hats (CNN, 1999), to clearing rainforest to make space for grazing and crop growing is virtually unchecked and unchallenged.While these are just two unrelated and isolated examples, the demands of supplying and servicing global requirements for resources are seemingly endless. The message tha t the German Advisory Council for Global Environmental Change (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltvernderungen, WBGU) placed at the beginning of its annual assessment for the year 2000 was Breathless and fragmented, the world rushes into the new millennium. Ten years on, there has been no slow down. (WBGU, 2001)According to Mongabay (2009), over eighty percent of cleared forest land from created between 1996 and 2006 has been used to create pasture for cattle. If this prolific rate of deforestation over the last decade wasnt enough, the Brazilian government intends to double its share of the world beef market to 60% by 2018.Such decimation and destruction cannot be justified by only a clear business rationale. For example, the practise of clearing rainforest to enable cattle grazing, etc., is worth economically less than the cleared forest originally was. Yet mans desire to trade one of the largest biologically diverse, in many ways unique, and visually stun ning ecosystems for cheap burgers and hot coffee continues.Despite the many organisations, campaign groups and societies all working for the protection, conservation and re-naturalisation of the Earths environs, the WBGU presented the worlds environment as one in constant crisis. Total global fossil fuel consumption (coal, oil and natural gas) rose to 7,956 million metric tons. Carbon dioxide emissions reached 6,553 million tons in 2001, amounting to a record concentration of 384 ppm carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, 2007). The capacity of the 436 nuclear reactors operating in over 35 countries reached 351 gigawatts and the economic mega-machine on which all these achievements rested, produced a record annual gross world product of US $40.5 trillion in 1999 (1998 prices). (WGBU, 2001) These high profits come at the expense of the health of the environment, accelerating its deterioration.Franz Broswimmer (2001) coined the term ecocide, f or his book Ecocide A Short History of the Mass Extinction of Species In it, he writes about the destructive processes, the ways in which human beings have constructed their relation to their surrounding environments, being responsible for, as well as legitimising, negative human impact on global ecosystems, which he claims date back over 5000 years, though others claim that this ecocide began long before this, for instance, the extinction of the Woolly Mammoth is arguably attributed to human hunters some 11000 years ago, according to Martin (2005).ConservationConservation is a means of managing the resources of an ecosystem while protecting it from depletion and destruction, avoiding change and accumulation of man-made artefacts. This allows us to benefit from the ecosystem indefinitely. Long into the future, managed use and sensible precautions will prevent the degradation of a habitat, protecting the species within it.There are countless reasons for natural conservation, not only can our continued survival depend on its existence (the natural processes of plant life provide us with oxygen, recycle carbon dioxide from the air, insects and fungi help decompose biological litter and waste, which in turn fertilize plants, which then grow more efficiently, providing more and better fruits and crops, which then feed us or animals which we hunt or eat). Each of these processes is reliant on other variables being maintained, a concept key to that of conservation. If the biological resources are managed properly, they are effectively renewable resources which will become ever more important as fossil fuel reserves become increasing expensive and rare.Conservation of SpeciesMany geographically remote islands and peninsulas are rich in endemic species plants and animals that are found nowhere else. Due to their geographic isolation, and the millions of years since life has had a chance to populate it, small populations have gradually adapted and evolved to their envi ronment. This genetic isolation is important as it contains a wealth of genetic information that is unique, these genes may hold futures cures and manufacturing processes that we have yet to realise.Unfortunately these island populations are relatively small, and with such little habitat available to them, they are susceptible to habitat loss, and since they originally formed from small populations, they are genetically very similar, the introduction of a disease can cause large proportions to die, and the resulting lack of genetic diversity can lead to the eventual extinction as mutations become more and more common. Introduced species like rats and even cats are responsible for causing the extinction of species. Many extinctions from the last century have been those of endemic island species, even more are now endangered.The protection of these genetic reserves should be one of an island peoples highest priorities, while this is often difficult to balance with the populations need s, which conflict with those of the habitat, such as water sewage, agriculture and transport infrastructure. Protecting these endemic species is a difficult task, the high level diversity, and the fact the entire population is in one place, coupled with the fact that the population has needs, this results in islands having far higher ratios of endangered species per head of the population than anywhere else. If a balance is not struck in time, these species are gone forever.Protected Areas for ConservationEvery country or island has at least some area that needs to be protected, the habitat in question varies, coral reef, bog-land, forest, sand dune, within these areas may be rare or endangered species of plant or animal, or these may be complete and important ecosystems as yet untouched by development. These areas may serve a variety of purposes, from being historic importance, tourism, or refuge for species harvested outside of that area, or protecting against bad weather- for ins tance, sand dunes and wetlands protect against storm surges by dissipating wave energy over those lands, without damaging coastal towns.These spaces often have laws protecting individual species, from While there is some legislation which protects certain species against hunting, interference, or a closed season for them to breed and recover, these laws do not protect species or the habitat these species rely on in many cases, and among the best protection we can offer them is to set aside their habitat, and minimise human interaction to avoid disturbance. Because of this most countries, provinces and islands create reserves, or national parks. Reserves by their nature tend to have a smaller purpose, where the national parks are large open areas, available to the public for recreational activities that do not damage. These areas act as safe places for multitudes of animals and plants, encourage tourism- providing income for peoples, or for protecting natural resources that may pass through that area, such as drinkable water.While it is governments who usually have the land and the power to be able to actually designate reserves and National Parks, public awareness needs to be raised concerning the reason these lands have been protected This will help to ensure that the visiting public respect them, ensuring that they last for future generations.The governments of developing nations do not often have the resources to fully protect and police these places, and rely on the public and outside assistance, either from charities or tourism money to help protect them. There are cases where these reserves are not treated properly, with harvesting and poaching taking place, causing these areas to fail.Other than protecting the natural world, these places allow scientific research to be conducted helping us to understand what makes these species and lands special, as well as providing a context in which the public can be educated in the importance of the natural world. T his is especially important when so many people use supermarkets for their food, distancing them from the origins of their food. This education can also be useful in helping people understand their own history, as well as their national and cultural heritage.Individual Conservation ActionsIf we are to keep as much of our resources as renewable as possible, there is a necessity to keep conservation at the heart of any initiative. Maintaining all the elements of the ecosystem allows these initiatives to be most productive, as everybody uses these resources in some way to some degree. There are ways that everybody can give something back, contributing to conservation as a whole.Governments alone will generally find it difficult to set enough land aside to include large expanses of varying habitats. From forest and reef, to wetlands and savannah, especially considering the differing needs of both the land itself and society as a whole. From conservation and research to recreation and su stainable harvesting. However, with the aid of local groups and land owners (especially in those countries that are governed regionally, or by tribal groups) people can organise their own resources. In protecting these resources and by extension the habitat and biodiversity, they protect their own interests, whether they are economic or cultural.Farmers, along with other land owners have the opportunity to manage their land so that they are able to protect their resources, allowing their soil to remain fertile, firewood and other woodland etc. produce to be gathered regularly, as well as ensuring water is kept clean for drinking and gardens etc. On top of this, on difficult or unused areas trees can be planted, allowing for extra diversity and extra resources over the medium to long term, when a tree is finally cut down, another can be replanted to ensure supplies for the future.Traditional ConservationWhile it is always the case, many peoples living in remote areas and islands, who have and still practice their traditional way of life, live in harmony with their surroundings, knowing when a resource is available, and how much can readily be used. Plants taken for food, medicine or any other reason often have a seed placed where the previous plant grew, ensuring that not only is diversity maintained, but that the resource is effectively renewable. This intimate knowledge of their own surroundings was passed down from generation to generation, but as development and modernisation encroach on those remote areas in ways previously impossible, this knowledge is not maintained, and ways of life are forgotten in favour of the luxuries modern life brings.What is the Wilderness?Where does the man-made landscape end and nature begin? First, we must begin by looking at the definition of wilderness, and whether any definitions for it is fixed in meaning or looser and therefore able to accommodate shifts in societies perception of the relative states between urban and nat ure.We can start by looking at some definitions of wilderness.(n) a region uncultivated and uninhabited a pathless, unfrequented or unexplored region such a region deliberately preserved from the inroads of tourism a desolate waste of any kind e.g. an extent of open sea (poetic) a part of a garden or estate allowed to run wild, or cultivated in imitation of natural woodland an overgrown tangle of weeds, etc. conditions of life, or a place, in which the spirit feels desolate the situation of being without public office or influence, or of being forgotten by the public, after playing a leading role the present world a large confused or confusing assemblage wildness (obs). -Chambers (2008)Wilderness is the landscape which contains only the plants and animals native to it. Where man is alone with the living earth. Where there is neither fixed nor mechanical artefact. Once this environment was everywhere, now only relics remain. Yet in these places are the original bonds between man and the earth. In these are the roots of all religion, history, art, and science. In renewing these links lies the enduring value of wilderness to man. (Feely, 2008)It is difficult to fit either definition to any area on earth today. Pollution, mass transportation, the introduction of non-native insects, plant or animal, into alien habitats (sometimes accidental, sometimes deliberate), the effects of acid rain, radioactive and chemical contamination, the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer on the Earths waters, air, soil and seabed, amongst other things, all contaminate and despoil that which we would call wild and render these definitions void.How do we relate to wilderness?The media regularly portrays nature as mans bounty, there for the taking, as and when we want, with ever more exotic fruits and ingredients are used in the production of shampoos and beauty creams. This type of portrayal promotes an abundance of nature that there is plenty of everything, there is no deficit. Another interesting depiction of nature is that of a challenge to man. Programmes such as The Deadliest Catch shows man battling with the forces of nature, in this case, the harsh extremes of the Bering Sea while crab fishing (The Deadliest Catch, 2005). These portrayals serve to promote a certain mythos about the planet. That it is still wild, unspoilt, untouched. However, these depictions are inaccurate. According to some reports, just 17% of the worlds landmass is still considered unspoiled or wild 8 and that is only in relative terms. There is no absolute wilderness left. But how can this depiction be countered. How do we educate and promote conservation?Boyd Norton is a photographer and ardent campaigner for the preservation of the wild. In an extract from his soon-to-be-released book Serengeti the stillness of the eternal beginning (Norton, 2008) he talks about the wealth of wildlife and the spirit of place that the Serengeti has. The Serengeti has a large preserved area, som e 10,000 sq miles when the protected areas around it are included. Yet, he states how small it is, an island in a sea of man. For Norton, the Serengeti is the land of our beginnings. He states that we are all Africans, that paeleo-anthropologists and DNA sleuths can trace the origin of our species to the Serengeti ecosystem. He says it is there we became more human as a species transformed from quadrupeds to bipeds and man was still an intricate part of the wilderness.He talks of how man lived within zones, probably dictated by how much ground could be covered in one day or the range that was sufficiently safe for man to travel on a hunting foray, etc. However, the wilderness also offered temptations to encroach further. Other foods, plants, berries, animals etc., that could sustain and support human life lay out there. That range probably changed with seasons and weather patterns.Norton claims that it all started with the Serengeti. He refers to a quote from Carl Jung, visiting the Serengeti for the first time A most intense sentiment of returning to the land of my youth. Norton relates to this and believes something resonates, perhaps in the molecules of our DNA or our genes, that trigger occasional memories of our origins. What some might call an organic memory.He feels that same sense of returning home whenever he travels to the Serengeti and explains his passion for that wild land. He maintains that it remains the stillness of the eternal beginning. He campaigns vigorously for the protection of the Serengeti and other wild lands across the world. (Norton, 2008)Ed Burtynsky (Nickel Tailings No. 31,Sudbury, Ontario 1996)Contrasting the works of many environmental photographers is Burtynsky, his images are always evidence of human activities, often taken on a scale that seems to defy belief, often the subject of the image is opposite to nature, a polluting force in the landscape, whether these are marble quarries, mountains of used car tyres or oil derricks, the concept of a pristine habitat does not occur in his images, but the concept of wilderness is embodied, of landscapes so transformed by our actions that they go beyond urban, and are once again wild. Unlike Adams who never included humans or human activity in his images, Burtynsky always references human activity in some way, often in subtle ways, with only the caption or title of the image giving up the secret of how we have disfigured the landscape. These images are very deliberate, often creating beauty from polluted and sick land. This kind of disfigurement does not intrinsically attract the same kind of support that photographers like Adams or Peschak did or has, though as his website demonstrates, he considers himself a fine art photographer, and has a large number of corporate clients, including those most likely to create this landscapes including Oil and Construction companies. Suggesting that his images are aesthetically pleasing enough for those companies to display t hem with disregard to the obvious environmental damage they have caused in creating them.The 1964 Wilderness ActAnsel Adams (Lake Macdonald 1942)The United States was the first country in the world to define, designate and protect large ecologically important tracts of land as wilderness. It not only created a working definition of wilderness but also enshrined it in the 1964 Wilderness Act, as lands designated for preservation and protection in their natural condition and generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of nature, with the imprint of mans work substantially unnoticeable (Zahniser, 1964). It allowed for the understanding and acknowledgement that any wild area would still be affected by human activities the imprint of mans work substantially unnoticeable.The Wilderness Act of 1964 was a landmark event in ecological terms, it was the institutionalisation of a concept, it described the wilderness as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammelled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain. Its very definition then, was a place where vehicles would not be allowed to traverse, where no permanent camps or structures would be allowed and resources could not be harvested or exploited. Wildlife and its habitat would be maintained as unspoiled as humanly possible. (Zahniser, 1964)Ansel Adams was a 20th century photographer and also a tireless worker and activist for protection of the wilderness and the environment. He was the force behind the 1964 Wilderness Act in the USA. His passion for nature saw him almost constantly travelling through the United States, photographing the natural beauty. As a photographer his images become iconic not only for their beauty, but also for representing the wilderness of America. Adams had stated that he never consciously taken an image for environmental purposes, but his work with the Sierra Club, and the many thousands of letters he wrote and meetings he was involved in support for conservation, and the creation of national parks were in no doubt related to his passion for nature and his belief it should be preserved, his images may not have been taken for those purposes but in his beliefs were embodied within them, Even today people think of the national parks with the epic beauty and magnificence that Adams infused within his images. Adams biography entry in the American National Biography mentions that his images did not simply record and document the environment but sought an intensification and purification of the psychological experience of natural beauty, the purpose these images had no doubt made them powerful tools for changing perceptions of nature and the environment for the American public and government officials.The Act helped to create the National Wilderness Preservation System, and raised American awareness regarding the nations National parks and wild lands. This legislative act created a new and novel way of preserving not onl y land and visual beauty, but also habitat, ensuring that rare plants and animals were protected. Its creation led to millions of acres designated as the newly protected wilderness. Instead of barring all human interaction, recreational activities like hiking, camping, kayaking and other outdoor activities are provided for. These areas, therefore, are protected from industrial exploitation but sustain leisure, tourism and recreation industries, which are much smaller in scale, with less ecological damage than heavy industry. It gives the land back, not only to the people of today but also future generations. It provides opportunities to experience nature as natural as possible the great outdoors and escape the ever increasing hustle and bustle of a modern industrial and mechanised lifestyle.The Act allows for a man-managed or man-sustained wilderness as opposed to a natural wilderness. But does this definition go far enough? Is it realistic and sustainable? Roz McClellan the direct or of the Rocky Mountain Recreation Initiative (NTTP, 2007) asserts that a workable definition needs to accept mans interaction AND the management of the environment. She asserts that any definition of wilderness has to incorporate reasonable interaction from man, in such a way that would uphold American principles of multiple use, providing access within defined parameters. This can mean, for example, prohibiting certain activities during mating seasons or when weather conditions have left the environment more vulnerable than usual.McClellan argues that any new definition should provide for the widest possible range of mutually compatible, sustainable services and outputs. These could include outputs such as potable water, control of soil erosion, water table control, study and research, fishing as well as including leisure activities. To be sustainable, however, these must not interfere with or reduce the long term capacity of any of the ecosystems restorative abilities.The key te rm here is not compromise. This is where the concept of land management starts to creep in. Without some form of monitoring and control the potential for destructive behaviours and interactions would go unchecked. So, the opportunities to experience natural earth present administrative challenges that lie outside of the definition of wilderness. The Wilderness Foundation UKThe Wilderness Foundation UK (Wilderness Foundation, 2008) is a UK-based organisation which operates over a number of countries, including UK, South America and the United States. It is an organisation which promotes the benefits of wild areas and creates a connection between people and nature without the use of permanent or mechanic artefacts. They promote a return to nature and oppose large scale destructive building plans, such as the expansion of airports, for example.Their approach is holistic and all-embracing of man as part of nature. As Albert Einstein reflectedA human being is a part of a whole, called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. (Einstein, 1932)Measuring the effectiveness of land managementThe problem of defining the wilderness in order to protect it is problematic enough but is compounded by the added complexity of then understanding how the relationships generated between people and protected lands affect, and are affected by, the management policies, actions and plans put into place to manage them. After all, defining and protecting nature is, ultimately, on mans terms. But which men? The terms may not be entirely appropriate, however wel l-intentioned, and may preclude the activities of native tribes and their land. Managing the land effectively, then, includes identifying any sources of conflict between the varying and different demands placed on the wilderness. This is important for understanding the influences the management policies may have on any conflicts of interest.The type of factors to be considered include the contrasting values of wilderness for visitors and natives, as well as local, rural and distant urban stakeholders. The understanding of these relationships is especially relevant to those groups who have used the wilderness for subsistence

The Life And Issues Of The Corinthian Community Religion Essay

The Life And Issues Of The playboy Comm consistency Religion Essaycapital of Minnesota wrote to Corinth, a community of interests plagued by internal divisions, genial and ethnic distinction, and a diversity of congregations. Regardless of whatever the circum military positions may be, the apostle confronts the problematic issues boldly and with authority. Nevertheless, controversy sedate burns b maturely today, on these issues just as they did in the early church, rendering it ideal subject steer for theological and hermeneutical consideration. Accordingly, the place of this essay is to reestablish the life and issues of the fledgling Corinthian church and to determine firstly, whether capital of Minnesota really understood the issues at hand, and secondly the effective of Pauls response in the Corinthian community to his call at the time.This essay will address the life and issues of the Corinthian community as recorded in the book of I Corinthians. This book narrates how the apostle Paul heard of the Corinthian delivererian communitys troubles and responded with this garner to remedy their stake, heal their divisions, and answer their questions. Paul confronted them with their sin and need for corrective action and clear commitment to Christ. The stance taken here is that Paul did understand the life and issues of the Corinthian community and the effectiveness of his response was positive and appropriate for the time.The reconstruction of the life and issues of Corinth ar assessed here through the three major problems facing the community, and one specific issue for each of those problems. The three major problems facing the church in Corinth related to the church, the members and the authority. Of the numerous issues within these three groupings the specific issues addressed here are the Lords Supper, coupling and women.Corinthian church was founded by Saint Paul approximately twenty age after the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The apostle delig ht ind the Corinthian community with fervour and frustration for it was a vibrant and confused church. An extensive description of its establishment is recorded in Acts 18. Moreover, two of the longest letters in the New Testament, 1 and 2 Corinthian, are specifically addressed to it.1The first epistle written to the Corinthians was penned by Paul from Ephesus in reply to reports brought to him by two emissaries, and possibly Apollos (1612). The arrangement of the letter indicates a response hardened by the issues put to Paul (71). The correspondences content is acquired via the subject matter being introduced through a formula (peri de), latter repeated in (725 81 121 161 12). Notably, Paul wrote 1 Corinthians to address exceptional issues, rather than to demonstrate common principles, or to give an expose of Christian practice.2Neyrey statesBy his own admission, Paul fantasy and behaved deal a typical, first-century Jew in the Eastern Mediterranean (Phil. 34b-6). Paul was clea rly socialized into a Jewish and Pharisaic world. On the micro level, his cosmos consisted of biblical, temple, and pharisaical tradition. On the macro level, Paul shared with other first-century Mediterranean Jews certain cultural perceptions about the cosmos, a symbolic universe (Berger Luckmann1966). These perceptions inform all of his letters, food coloring the way he experienced realness, and structure the way he behaved. Those who would understand Paul ought also to share his perception, two on the micro and macro level.3 on that point were various issues related to the community in Corinth. The three main problem areas were a) the church, b) the members and c) authority. Problems within the church were notably related to mission, baptism, the Lords Supper, body life, love, worship and prophecy. Problems with members related to intellect, freedom, giving, sex, trauma and death. Problems with authority related to leaders, women and apostles.4Of these aforementioned proble ms and issues three are dealt with here. They are problems relating to the life and issues of the Corinthian Christian community at the time relative to (1) the Lords Supper, (2) sexual ethical motive and (3) the role of women.(1) Problems within the church notably the Lords Supper. (1 Cor. 1117-34)Paul had heard of s hind enddalous behaviour in the Corinthian community worship relative to the Eucharist. The purpose of the Eucharistic gathering was to take part in the Lords Supper, as enacted by Jesus with the disciples. Regrettably, some of the Corinthian Christians were behaving in a way which denigrated the significance of the event.5This was as a result of class feelings and distinctions manifesting in the community (cf. James 21-4) with private cliques and affluent individuals initiating proceedings without waiting for others to eat. Gluttony, unsociable behaviour and drunkenness were get a familiar occurrence. To rebut this Paul reminds them that such(prenominal) conduct mak es the professed suit for their joining in communion invalid and pointless.6Their actions constituted a contradiction to church building meaning and jeopardised the welfare of all. As such, Paul clearly perceived and understood this issue in the Corinthian community at the time.Furthermore, the intention of the Lords Supper was as a common meal, and Pauls condemnation relates to the Corinthians contradicting this principle (1120-21). Thus, the Christians of Corinth would be better served by eating in their own homes rather than feigning a pretentious a unity repudiated by their behaviour. Pauls intention is not to censure gluttony and drunkenness, but to emphasize an egocentric apathy which is the antithesis of love.7Pauls denunciation is explicit as the Corinthians behaviour held communion in contempt (v.22) and could not being allowed to persist. Pauls remedial get down is by way of an explanation of the Eucharist. Paul showed how love is necessary for the Eucharist to have mean ing and this love commences in their personal community relationships with one another, particularly the poor.8Relevant to this point, Murphy OConner notes thatThe unity for the church is something more than physical juxtaposition in a determined space. It is a vital sharing of life and the Corinthians cannot deceive themselves that they enjoy this if the physical life of the poor is endangered because they do not have enough to eat.9(2) Problems with members notably sex. Pauls severe reprimand on sexual immorality defiling the church is presented in (51-6). From the start the Christian stance to the widespread unseemly Corinthian sexual practices and thought was one of uncompromising opposition, for sexual negligence was endemic with first-century Greeks. However, the Corinthians view of their emancipation in Christ was such that they felt inclined towards a different approach to other Christians, yet this was one which permitted even worse evils than the Greeks.10Paul condemns suc h sexual sin in the strongest of terms (69-20) because the troubles in the Corinthian church were basically related to sexual conduct.11Moreover, prostitution and immorality were invasive with marriages in Corinth in a dilemma and Christians unsure how to respond. Accordingly, Paul gave meaningful and practical solutions.12Pauls information can be separated into heterosexual and homosexual activity outside of marriage. Paul refuted the argument assuming that as Christians were not bound by food laws and so the same applied to sexual laws (613). Pauls unyielding and persuasive argument said that it is fundamentally impossible to compare the two, as in Christian terms the countersignature body means much more than animal tissue. Paul maintained that body is the self and he marshalled numerous arguments to sustain this position.13Pauls argument is bases on 6 facts (a) that our body matters to paragon (163), (b) our body will be raised (614), (c) our body is the temple of the Holy Spirit (619), (d) our body is harmed by immorality(618), (e) fornication for a Christian is a rebellious act of independence, and most importantly (f) that our body belongs to Christ (619-20). Paul concludes by counselling to shun immorality (618) and emphasising that the body is for the Lord and should be kept that way, with this possibility only accessible through the power of the Holy Spirit.14Relative to homosexuality, Paul gives scant attention to the issue however he makes the point that it is basically unacceptable for Christian practice (69-11) and that it can be changed (69-11). His premise is that homosexuality is immoral and an unattainable avenue to Heaven. Paul refers to Genesis and the image of God residing mutually in the male and female (Gen.127).15(3) Problems relating to authority and women. Paul is considered by many to be a misogynist (a man who hates women). Nevertheless, Pauls overall attitude to women was brooding of the time and culture. However, Jesus teac hings were revolutionary relative to the role and rights of women, and Paul embraced this new perception afforded to women.16The situation of women in Corinthian rules of order indicates that women were held in low respectfulness in Hebrew, Greek and Roman culture. A womens authority was severely limited in that she was subject to the authority of her father or husband, could not inherit property, could not testify in a court of law, or claim right to education. Moreover, the temple of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, prostituted a thousand women in its service further demeaning their social status. Such was the state of affairs of women in Corinth at that time and the problem faced by Saint Paul.17Conversely, Christianity engaged women in church and community work, women such as Mary, Tryphaena and Tryphosa who worked hard in the Lord (Rom.1612). They are found labouring with Paul in spreading the gospel (Phil.43) and supporting in various ways. For women both to pray and prophecy during public worship (1 Cor.115) was acceptable by Paul, despite being a contradiction to the customs of the time.18The fact that Paul was clear on the position of women in the church and that they were equal with all others is clarified in Galatians (328). For Paul men and women had complete equality of standing before God (1 Cor. 1111). Unquestionably, the revolutionary teaching of Jesus had systematically permeated into the heart of Paul, the rabbi and apostle of Jesus.However, an issue on which Paul disagreed with women was regarding womens headdress (115). By dispensing with the customary covering for their heads many of women within the Corinthian church were defying tradition. It appears they viewed their action as having religious importance as the particular circumstance on which they chose to exhibit their uncover heads was at worship. Their unconventional behaviour was ostensibly an expression of a new found freedom related to the Christian faith.19Undoubtedly, this wa s an assertion of feminine freedom found within the context of the new faith. To these women the covered head was symbolical of their subordination to men, and ceased to be acknowledged by them under conditions of worship. Paul differed with them on this point of headdress despite acknowledging womens right to speak in church under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. This Paul ruled as an exception to the silence he otherwise imposed on them (ch.1434), nevertheless he considered it did not excuse them from covering their heads.20Having considered problems within the church relating to the Lords Supper, sex and women there is, however, a further dynamic for reflection when appreciating the circumstances that occasioned I Corinthians. That dynamic is a developing conflict between the church in Corinth and Paul himself. Watson notes Gordon Fees observation that the language and style of I Corinthians are especially rhetorical and combative. Paul is pickings them on at every turn he is attacking and challenging with all the weapons in his literary arsenal.21While Paul is undoubtedly seeking to right both their theology and practices in a comprehensive way, it is clear that Paul needs to defend his apostolate. Moreover, the fact stay that the Corinthians had written to the apostle seeking his advice. This proves that he remains an authority figure in their eyes, understanding and appreciating their lives and issues.Hermeneutically, Corinth reflects realistically on our contemporary Christian community situation. The problems and issues addressed by St.Paul are still relevant to society and the church today. The text offers a splendid observation of Paul the church cultivator and pastor utilizing his theology for the service of the church.Green notesThe spread of abuses and problems at Corinth enable us to share the apostles perspective on a large number of issues of contemporary importance to the church. The whole correspondence throbs with life and love. However , there are difficulties associated with Corinthians that slip by it a closed book to most church members today. The Corinthian issues are considered too awkward to tackle, such as tongues, prophecy and veiled women.22Naturally, this appraisal would be stalled at the outset if Pauls solutions to these problems relate simply to antiquated issues, For example, if prototypal Corinthians rests on the necessity of the Lords Supper, sexual practices or the wearing veils to worship then the ethical instruction of Paul may well be relegated to archaic morality. Fortunately, however, the ethic of Paul is a protest against that very kind of literalistic and legalistic teaching. His concern with the practical should not be construed as a banal particularise. Rather, the concern with particulars rests on the conviction that basic ethical concerns are relevant o every aspect of human conduct.23Providentially, however, Pauls ethic is an objection to such literalistic and legalistic teaching. Hi s concern with the practical should not be negatively construed but rather his concern with facts supports his conviction that fundamental ethical issues are minded(p) to all facets of human behaviour. Pauls analysis and response to these commonplace issues offer theological considerations of merit. Repeatedly throughout First Corinthians Paul commences with a common concern, probes its depth for theological understanding, and applies theological principles for the practical application Christian life.24Pauls theological ethic can only be fully understood in relation to its application and relevance. First Corinthians may be applied as here as a fundamental source for investigation because the tension between the practical and theological are constantly sustain. Here the Christocentric character of Pauls thought is clearly expressed with Pauls answers founded on the rock of Christ.In conclusion it has been seen how Paul confronted the Corinthians Christians regarding their sins and shortcomings, exhorting them not to merge with the world or accept its false values and erroneous lifestyles. The root causes of these errors may be seen in an assimilation of the gospel to Hellenism however a more plausible reason is the human inclination to reshape God in our own image.Paul was well aware of what and why he was doing it when he wrote to the church of God at Corinth (12). The apostles purpose in writing to the Corinthians is clearly reproving. Paul wants them to know that he is concerned with the assembly and tells them what they should and not do in explicit terms. In addressing the issues relating to the Lords Supper, marriage and women (as with the other issues) Paul exhibits a clear understanding of the facts. This is received through the reliability of the sources and Pauls own background and worldly experiences. His adroit and forthright response addresss the situation squarely and accurately warranting an effective outcome. Paul makes it clear that his acti ons have no self advantage but that his writing is a command of the Lord (1437).Pauls letter to the Corinthians offers the contemporary reader a window into a real and struggling early Christian community that challenged the Corinthians to allow the gospel to engage them in the reality of their daily lives. Likewise, the contemporary reader is challenged to allow the gospel message to engage them in the very realities of daily life and to celebrate their oneness in Christ when the church gathers for Eucharist and spiritual communication.

Tescos Management And Leadership Theories

Tescos Management And Leadership TheoriesTesco is a company which was founded in 1919 by a man called sea dog Cohen, a grocery seller from a stall in London. The Tesco brand originally initiative appeared after he had brought a shipment of tea from T.E Stockwell and the first Tesco store was opened in 1929.It started off as selling the usual food and drink products but since consequently expanded into areas offering alternative goods such(prenominal)(prenominal) as, clothing, electronics, finance services, mobile net shape, car, dental, home and health insurance, CDs, DVDs and Games.Tesco UK stores operate under four banners which are Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express to meet different customer fatalitys. Tesco put up likewise be found on the London Stock Exchange. Tesco has 62.54 billion in revenue as well as 3.41 billion income from February 2010 and has 4,811 locations around the country stock-still Tesco has become the biggest British retailer and is one of the worlds largest retailing outlet. Mainly its growth is due to the fact that in the workplace, it has a workforce of 552,004 employees.To sustain its growth, Tesco has to make surely that they pitch the staff who are actuate, flexible and well- proficient and who can be aware of the customer needs. Tesco sustain their employees in a range of roles and at different levels in the workplace from customer assistant to subdivision manager and warehouse to logistics staff. Tesco recognise this as they need employee motivation to continue their growth.Motivation is the driving force which make up out to achieve an mortals goal. There are different theories that affirm been suggested for motivating employees. The main factor for motivating employees is Pay, which is considered a primary motivator. Other motivating factors let inAppreciation of weighed down work e.g. incentivesA smell out of achievementResponsibility and empowermentOpportunity for developmentA sense of challenge and enjoymen tIf Tesco have a motivated workforce then they will have a variety of employees who will work hard and achieve their potential in little time, which will endeavour Tesco to reduce cost in labour and less supervision of their employees. On the different hand this will demonstrate their pride to work for Tesco, therefore create a better shock on consumers. Encouraged employees are more possible to focus better and are less likely to make mistakes, cause conflicts and accidents in the workplace. In general this shows they have greater loyalty for the consumer and have fewer absentees.The opposite of a motivated workforce is an wanton workforce, which are employees in Tesco being dissatisfied in the role they play for the company. This can negatively affect the quality of the work they unwrap and how professionally they conceive out their work and how this will affect Tesco as a business but as well as the products they display on the shop floor.Tesco focus on dickens groups, th eir staff and customers to achieve motivation by offering them recompenses to support stability in the personal and work life. Such rewards are staff discount, flexible working and gym membership.The theory to motivate shows that Taylor said one that is motivated works purely for money. Tesco has a similar link to Taylors theory as they have an employee reward programme which offers financial reward packaging to motivate the workers. On the other hand there are other factors which take into place of motivating a person they are personal and working lives. Tesco go beyond Taylors theory as they do more than pay increasing, they support the different lifestyles of each individual that works for them by using important benefits. For example in Tesco, staff may desire to serve people or improve their basic understanding and skills.To make military control satisfaction achievable for their staff, Tesco create a good working environment where they want to have their employees feeling valued and therefore it increases conference and employees are asked for their opinions of how they are experience this. As Tesco are a big organisation they invest into training and development for its staff which enables them to develop their understanding, skill and sense of their job satisfaction. For example in my own workplace at Sports Direct they create a good working environment as I was trained on the till and had people helping me which developed my understanding of the business. By using vignettes, Tesco ask their staff to attend a staff satisfaction survey which is done by viewpoint and gives the staff to get across their views on the job they do. From the survey it shows Tesco what they need to do in order to keep their employees motivated and to ensure that they are achieving job satisfaction.The benefits offered to employees the following Lifestyle breaks which offer you 4-12 week off from work but then you are allowed to return after as it guarantees you dont los e your job, career breaks which allows staff working in Tesco between the 6 months and 5 years away from work but also they have the rightfield to return and pension scheme which defies the long term benefits staff can have when they reach a certain age.Other ways in which job satisfaction is achieved for the staff working in Tesco is the way they look after their employee. This makes their employees feel that the job is secure and the company is looking after them and therefore it makes them produce work of a high quality. Using Herzberg devil-factor theory which outlines the main two factors hygiene and the satisfiers also live as motivators.Hygiene factors are put in place in a business such as Tesco to avoid what is called unpleasantness in the workplace. If these factors are thought to be insufficient by the employees then this would loaded that they are dissatisfied by working there. Motivator factors are for individual people for their personal growth, the motivator side dynamically creates the job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate the individual to reach an above-average performance as well as effort. Herzberg showed that to truly motivate an employee a business needs to create conditions that make him or her feel fulfilled in the workplaceFor example Hygiene factors like pay can lead to an employee at Tesco being dissatisfied as this will show the employee is being paid a rate which has not increased from the time he has spent at Tesco.However the motivators like publicity opportunities in Tesco will satisfy the employee as they are moving up a level in the department and not staying in one department from where they started from. This will acknowledge how well they are working for the company.Hygiene factorsPay and benefitsCompany policy and AdministrationRelationship with co-workersSupervisionStatusJob certificationWorking conditionsPersonal lifeMotivatorsAchievementRecognitionWork itselfResponsibilityPromotionGrowthTe sco will try to motivate its employees by using the two factor theory. For example, it can motivate and empower its employees by using suitable and well-timed communication to effectiveness, by appointing responsibility and involving employees in their own decision qualification in key areas of their working life. Tesco using forums every year in which staff can be part of the discussions on pay rises if they wish they need to.This will show acknowledgment of the work Tesco people do and reward them. For example Tesco staff can even influence what food goes onto its restaurant menus. As a result of doing this the employees therefore become motivated to make choices that will increase their use of the restaurants that Tesco have within the organisation. That way job satisfaction achievable as it is used to a very high level in Tesco as they value each and every one of their member of staff so they achieve their potential and the company grows and has a high-quality reputation.I thin k it is important for line managers to have an understanding of these theories in concept as they need to know how to motivate their employees working below them to get the best out of them, productivity wise. However if managers on the front line do not have an impact then this will limit how they motivate or else not trusting them will reduce their motivational efficiency.Managers this way can understand what the employee is working toward such as the goals and objectives that they set and how well they are managing their time to get the work done for a company like Tesco for example.It gives the manager a chance to be impress by the employee and the quality of the work therefore shows which member is committed to doing well and making sure the company goes in the right direction, On the other hand managers would want to know the pros and cons of which is the best way of the motivating concept through various theories in order to stand out from anyone else and the quality in produ ction and reputation it achieves at the end by doing this.It gives the manager a chance to communicate and understand the employee effectively, to engage the key skills he may have to offer to him, work wise and how motivated he is in-order to get on with what he is asked to do. The best way to understand this is to interact with your employees to gain knowledge otherwise the key efficiency to work at a higher level and to produce the quality you would want to will not happen, unless you communicate with the manager and he communicates with you.To conclude by looking at different theories of motivation, how job satisfaction is achieved and how important line managers are, you can find out various ways in which Tesco can motivate their employees to get the best out of them by using incentives for hard workers and rewards as well as promotion. On the other hand you can also see the negative effects this can have if you have unmotivated employees in the workplace which reduces the mor ale and that person quality to produce at the highest level proposed from them. I recommend that by achieving an employees job satisfaction and motivation but also bringing into action how the line manager should have a good understanding of these theories. Tesco get employees who work well in a good environment but also one where they are valued for the hard work they produce to meet the aims and objectives of the organisation, but also the goals they set for themselves to improve the desire for working in a warm atmosphere but also the drive that managers have in Tesco for their employees to achieve their potential.Referenceshttp//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymotivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco132-396-3.phphttp//tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg.asp

Critique of the Movie Educating Rita Essay -- Movies Film Educating Ri

Critique of the Movie Educating RitaDirector Lewis GilbertScreenwriter Willy Russell Released 1983With Julie Walters, Michael Caine, and others Rita (Julie Walters) is a twenty-six years old hairdresser from Liverpool who has decided to get an educational activity. Not the contour of education that would get her just a better job or more pay, but an education that would open up for her a whole raw world--a liberal education. Rita wants to be a different person, and live an altogether different sort of life than she has lived so far. She enrolls in the Open University, a government chopine that allows non-traditional schoolchilds to get the kind of higher education that used to be reserved more or less for the offspring of the upper classes, and mainly for male students at that. Educating Rita describes the trials and transformations that the young hairdresser has to go through to develop from a person with hardly any formal schooling at all into a student who passes her universi ty exams with ease and distinction. In the course of telling this story, the film also suggests what the essence of a liberal education may be.The story is presented in the form of a comedy, a comedy that revolves around the personal and pedagogical relationship between Rita and her main teacher, Dr. Frank Bryant (Michael Caine). Frank Bryant teaches comparative literature, and it is his job to prep atomic number 18 Rita for her exams. Unfortunately, Frank Bryant has broken all enthusiasm for his academic field and its related teaching duties. He loathes most of his regular students, and the main function of the rows of classical works that still worry the bookshelves in his office is to hide the whiskey bottles without which he is not able to get through the day and the semesters anymore. When he teaches his regular classes he is frequently drunk, and in response to a students complaint that students are not learning much about literature in Bryants class, the burned-out teacher gruffly advises Look, the sun is shining, and youre young. What are you doing in here? Why dont you all go out and do something? Why dont you go and make love--or something? Frank Bryant is a disenchanted intellectual who has no real use anymore for literature, culture, or the life of the mind. Introducing working people in particular to the world of higher education seems utterly pointless to him. When he find... ... having overcome the limitations of her old world through education, and by recognizing the limitations of what she has acquired at the University, she finds herself in the same situation as Frank in some sort of existential Australia where everything is only just starting. She has choices to make, and it is her having grown beyond old forms of life that gives her the freedom to make these choices. This in the end is the essence of her education, and the essence of any liberal education as such the knowledge-based ability to step back from all form of life, the capabi lity to deliberate freely, and then to embark on a course of implement that does not grow out of established patterns and unexamined impulses, but out of critical reflection and informed decisions. What Rita thanks Frank for at the end, and what has made him a favorable teacher during all her trials, is that he has helped her to get into this position You have given me a choice. Education, in other words, is liberation. It is the emancipation of a person from a sound out of being a mere extension of a given environment to an active agent who can choose who she or he will be a potential creator of his or her own world.

Free College Essays - Impact of Characters on Conrad in Ordinary People :: Ordinary People

Ordinary People - Impact of Characters on get windrad In the novel Ordinary People, by Judith Guest, many people affect Conrad. tierce people that have an affect on him are his father, mother and therapist. Conrad goes through significant changes by the way he has been affected. In the rise of the novel Con had just returned from the hospital for attempting suicide. Right off the bat Con finds it hard to wake up in the morning because he is afraid that anxiety and ruin will be waiting for him. He urinates himself think of reasons to get out of bed. Then he goes through the whole ritual in his head. Con was depressed. He would be a treated very fragile wise by his teachers. He also was a very doubt full person. When it came to his brothers death, he would wish that he could have done something different. Con would go through the whole scene in his head over and over once again pondering on what he could have done right. He also smacks isolated from his mother. Although he loves his mother, she could never love him back. Most of the time he would feel obligated to stay away from her. Because Lazenby reminded Con of his brother, Con decided to break up their friendship. Throughout the novel one person who had an affect on Conrad was his father. From the beginning of the novel, Cons father had an understanding of him. From talking to spending time with Con, his father was there most of the time. When Conrad was confused or had a question, his father would analyze to help and answer him to the best of his ability. Because his father was put into a home I think that he was able to understand Con a hatch more. Just as understanding he was also caring. Whenever Con felt upset or happy, his father was there to share the experience. His father would always make sure that Con was all right. His father cared so much that he gave Con a number of a psychiatrist. Unlike the mother, the father would like to moderate Con back to normal. The mother had a negative affect on Conrad. After the brothers death, and Cons attempted suicide, she could never do with Con. When the brother died so did a part of her ability to love.